Herbicide detection: A review of enzyme- and cell-based biosensors.

Herbicides are the most widely used class of pesticides in the world. Their intensive use raises the question of their harmfulness to the environment and human health. These pollutants need to be detected at low concentrations, especially in water samples.

User-friendly one-step disposable signal-on bioassay for glyphosate detection in water samples.

The onsite detection of glyphosate requires an easy-to-handle, low-cost and disposable assay for untrained users as requested by the ASSURED guidelines. A new strategy based on the expression of fusion proteins is proposed here. A glyphosate oxidase derived from Bacillus subtilis and the 6E10 variant of the dye peroxidase from Pseudomonas putida, both fused with the carbohydrate binding module (CBM) 3a from Clostridium thermocellum, were designed and expressed, leading to GlyphOx-CBM and 6E10-CBM.