Ultrastructural imaging biomarkers in diabetic macular edema: A major review.

Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a vision-threatening complication of diabetic retinopathy and causes significant morbidity in patients. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents are the mainstay of treatment for DME, with steroid implants being used for the treatment of anti-VEGF resistant eyes. Over the years, several classification systems have been devised to describe the patterns of DME using optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Short-Term Endotamponade With Perfluorocarbon Liquids for Giant Retinal Tear-Associated Retinal Detachment.

To investigate the use of short-term postoperative endotamponade with perfluorocarbon liquids (PFCLs) for the treatment of giant retinal tear-associated rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). This retrospective study evaluated patients who had 2-stage surgery, which entailed pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) completed in 2 consecutive surgeries spaced 5 days apart, during which a short-term tamponade with PFCL was used (Group 1), and patients who had conventional single-stage PPV with long-term silicone oil (SO) tamponade (Group 2). The study comprised 74 eyes of 68 patients, 52 in Group 1 and 22 in Group 2.

Anatomical and functional outcome of surgical correction of optic disc pit maculopathy using autologous scleral patch graft: a long-term retrospective analysis.

Background: Optic disc pit (ODP) is a rare congenital anomaly of optic nerve head and is associated with maculopathy. Scleral patch graft (SPG) as a therapeutic option is recently advocated.

Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of 54 patients with ODP maculopathy who were followed up for 12 months post-operatively.

Enhanced cell survival in prepubertal testicular tissue cryopreserved with membrane lipids and antioxidants rich cryopreservation medium.

The present study explores the advantages of enriching the freezing medium with membrane lipids and antioxidants in improving the outcome of prepubertal testicular tissue cryopreservation. For the study, testicular tissue from Swiss albino mice of prepubertal age group (2 weeks) was cryopreserved by slow freezing method either in control freezing medium (CFM; containing DMSO and FBS in DMEM/F12) or test freezing medium (TFM; containing soy lecithin, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, cholesterol, vitamin C, sodium selenite, DMSO and FBS in DMEM/F12 medium) and stored in liquid nitrogen for at least one week. The tissues were thawed and enzymatically digested to assess viability, DNA damage, and oxidative stress in the testicular cells.

The Diagnostic Considerations and Clinical Management of Lower Lip Swellings in Adolescents: A Narrative Review.

This article outlines a systematic workflow for the clinical management of lip swellings, ensuring an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan. The process involves a thorough clinical examination and necessary diagnostic investigations such as imaging and biopsy, which will guide treatment decisions. Depending on the findings, treatment may range from conservative management to surgical excision.