[A short history of the concept of bias in epidemiology].

Background: Bias is a major methodological issue for epidemiology. However, only a few studies have been dedicated to the past and present formulations of the concept of bias. Moreover, the classical definition of bias as systematic deviation from the truth of results or inferences, definition which can be found in dictionaries of epidemiology, does not seem to either match the way epidemiologists use it in practice, or correspond to the different definitions given throughout its history.

Three-Dimensional Custom-Made Surgical Guides in Facial Feminization Surgery: Prospective Study on Safety and Accuracy.

Background: Facial feminization surgery (FFS) includes several osseous modifications of the forehead, mandible, and chin, procedures that require precision to provide the patient with a satisfactory result. Mispositioned osteotomies can lead to serious complications and poor aesthetic outcomes. Surgical cutting guides are commonly employed in plastic and maxillofacial surgery to improve safety and accuracy.

For a critical appraisal of artificial intelligence in healthcare: The problem of bias in mHealth.

Rationale, Aims And Objectives: Artificial intelligence and big data are more and more used in medicine, either in prevention, diagnosis or treatment, and are clearly modifying the way medicine is thought and practiced. Some authors argue that the use of artificial intelligence techniques to analyze big data would even constitute a scientific revolution, in medicine as much as in other scientific disciplines. Moreover, artificial intelligence techniques, coupled with mobile health technologies, could furnish a personalized medicine, adapted to the individuality of each patient.

Intrascrotal injection of botulinum toxin A, a male genital aesthetic demand: Technique and limits.

Introduction: Scrotal rejuvenation is a real male aesthetic demand. Scrotal injection of botulinum toxin makes the testicles smoother, less dangling and subjectively larger.

Methods: Intrascrotal botulinum toxin injections were performed to a 44-year-old patient for aesthetic purposes.