-related intellectual disability syndrome: a recognisable entity.

Background: Mutations in forkhead box protein P1 () cause intellectual disability (ID) and specific language impairment (SLI), with or without autistic features (MIM: 613670). Despite multiple case reports no specific phenotype emerged so far.

Methods: We correlate clinical and molecular data of 25 novel and 23 previously reported patients with defects.

Redefining the MED13L syndrome.

Congenital cardiac and neurodevelopmental deficits have been recently linked to the mediator complex subunit 13-like protein MED13L, a subunit of the CDK8-associated mediator complex that functions in transcriptional regulation through DNA-binding transcription factors and RNA polymerase II. Heterozygous MED13L variants cause transposition of the great arteries and intellectual disability (ID). Here, we report eight patients with predominantly novel MED13L variants who lack such complex congenital heart malformations.

Refinement of the critical 2p25.3 deletion region: the role of MYT1L in intellectual disability and obesity.

Purpose: Submicroscopic deletions of chromosome band 2p25.3 are associated with intellectual disability and/or central obesity. Although MYT1L is believed to be a critical gene responsible for intellectual disability, so far no unequivocal data have confirmed this hypothesis.

BDNF and DYRK1A are variable and inversely correlated in lymphoblastoid cell lines from Down syndrome patients.

Down syndrome or trisomy 21 is the most common genetic disorder leading to mental retardation. One feature is impaired short- and long-term spatial memory, which has been linked to altered brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. Mouse models of Down syndrome have been used to assess neurotrophin levels, and reduced BDNF has been demonstrated in brains of adult transgenic mice overexpressing Dyrk1a, a candidate gene for Down syndrome phenotypes.