Parasite and virus dynamics in the honeybee Apis mellifera unicolor on a tropical island recently invaded by Varroa destructor.

In La Réunion, the established honeybee subspecies Apis mellifera unicolor, an endemic subspecies of African lineage, is facing considerable challenges. Since the introduction of the Varroa destructor mite in 2017 high colony losses have been recorded. We investigated the dynamics of V.

The Response of the Honey Bee Gut Microbiota to Is Modulated by the Probiotic and the Neonicotinoid Thiamethoxam.

The honey bee is exposed to a variety of biotic and abiotic stressors, such as the highly prevalent microsporidian parasite ( and neonicotinoid insecticides. Both can affect honey bee physiology and microbial gut communities, eventually reducing its lifespan. They can also have a combined effect on the insect's survival.

Geographic population structure of the honeybee microsporidian parasite Vairimorpha (Nosema) ceranae in the South West Indian Ocean.

The microsporidian Vairimorpha (Nosema) ceranae is one of the most common parasites of the honeybee. A single honeybee carries many parasites and therefore multiple alleles of V. ceranae genes that seem to be ubiquitous.

Toxicity of the Pesticides Imidacloprid, Difenoconazole and Glyphosate Alone and in Binary and Ternary Mixtures to Winter Honey Bees: Effects on Survival and Antioxidative Defenses.

To explain losses of bees that could occur after the winter season, we studied the effects of the insecticide imidacloprid, the herbicide glyphosate and the fungicide difenoconazole, alone and in binary and ternary mixtures, on winter honey bees orally exposed to food containing these pesticides at concentrations of 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 µg/L.

Screens for infants and preschool children: Assessment of medical prevention with parents and assessment of exposure.

Background: Regarding the massive increase of interactive mobile screen household equipment and the omnipresence of television, many recommendations are in favor of a limitation of use, especially among the youngest.

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the proportion of parents who report having discussed the subject of their child's exposure to screens during a consultation with a health professional. We also aimed to assess preschool exposure to television and mobile media devices, and to explore parents' views on the benefits and risks of exposing their children under 3 years old.