Very low prevalence of haemosporidian parasites in two species of marsh terns.

Vector-transmitted haemosporidians are among the most common parasites in birds, but our knowledge of the inter-specific patterns of infection rates and the parasite community composition is far from complete because of the unequal distribution of the screening effort across bird families and genera. To assess infection rates and the diversity of haemosporidians from the genera Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, and Leucocytozoon in marsh terns, which represent poorly explored in this regard genus of the family gulls, terns, and skimmers (Laridae), we screened two species: the Whiskered Tern (Chlidonias hybrida) and the Black Tern (Chlidonias niger). We sampled these long-distance migratory birds on breeding grounds: the Whiskered Tern in south-central Poland and north-central Ukraine, and the Black Tern-in north-central Ukraine.

Strongly diluted dimethyl-imidazolium chloride-alcohol solutions: solvents are structurally different but dynamic heterogeneities are similar.

Based on the analysis of dynamic properties of ionic liquid solutions, the descriptions of diffusion mechanisms are built for dimethylimidazolium chloride (dmim/Cl)-alcohol solute systems and the influence of the monohydric alcohols' molecular structure on their diffusion mechanisms in dmim/Cl-alcohol at = 400 K by molecular dynamics simulations are studied. From the analysis of radial distribution functions, MSDs, velocity autocorrelation function, and autocorrelation functions of dispersion we found that the motion of all components in IL dmim/Cl-alcohol (ethanol, propanol) systems at = 400 K occurs in the sub-diffuse regime and that the dynamics of the dmim/Cl-alcohol (ethanol, propanol) systems is heterogeneous. The increase of the alkyl chain length of the alcohol molecule does not affect the motion of the ionic liquid components; instead, it increases the characteristic times describing the model representation of alcohol molecule diffusion at short and medium times, without affecting diffusion mechanisms.

Non-local competition drives both rapid divergence and prolonged stasis in a model of speciation in populations with degenerate resource consumption.

The theory of speciation is dominated by adaptationist thinking, with less attention to mechanisms that do not affect species adaptation. Degeneracy--the imperfect specificity of interactions between diverse elements of biological systems and their environments--is key to the adaptability of populations. A mathematical model was explored in which population and resource were distributed one-dimensionally according to trait value.

Competition between Na⁺ and Rb⁺ in the minor groove of DNA.

The competition between Na⁺ and Rb⁺ ions in the minor groove of a synthetic B-DNA dodecamer d (CGCGAATTCGCG) is studied using molecular dynamics simulations as the ratio of these two ions changing from 9:1 to 1:9 with the DNA merged into the solvent of water molecule at 298 K. When the concentration of Rb⁺ ions increases, from minority to majority, Na⁺ ions are gradually released from the A tract, and the binding sites in the minor groove are occupied by Rb⁺ ions, extending from the A tract to the whole minor groove. Comparing Na⁺ with Rb⁺ ions, the conformation of the minor groove is influenced strongly by Na⁺ ions.

[The problem of rehabilitation and readaptation in the post-stroke period].

At the centre of rehabilitation, staged rehabilitation methods of treatment of patients with cerebral insult were studied. Kept under medical surveillance were 484 patients. Relationship is shown of potential to real percentage of restoration of lost functions of the nervous system.