Scalp recurrence of cholangiocarcinoma after curative hepatectomy: A report of two cases.

Cholangiocarcinomas are the second most common primary liver malignancies. The lymphatics are the common route of metastatic spread for cholangiocarcinomas. The most frequent sites of metastasis are the liver, abdominal lymph nodes, peritoneum and lungs.

Fatty acids increase the circulating levels of oxidative stress factors in mice with diet-induced obesity via redox changes of albumin.

Plasma concentrations of free fatty acids are increased in metabolic syndrome, and the increased fatty acids may cause cellular damage via the induction of oxidative stress. The present study was designed to determine whether the increase in fatty acids can modify the free sulfhydryl group in position 34 of albumin (Cys34) and enhance the redox-cycling activity of the copper-albumin complex in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. The mice were fed with commercial normal diet or high-fat diet and water ad libitum for 3 months.

Tetraaddition of PhLi to a ketocalixarene derivative.

[reaction: see text] Reaction of a ketocalixarene with 2.2 equiv or an excess of PhLi affords diaddition and tetraaddition products, respectively. Ionic hydrogenation of the tetraalcohol 8a yields a calix[4]arene monosubstituted by phenyl groups at all four methylene bridges.

Proximal regioselectivity of the O,O'-dialkylation of tetrahydroxyketocalix[4]arene.

The only dialkylated products obtained in the reaction of tetrahydroxyketocalixarene 2a with MeI/K(2)CO(3) or PhCH(2)Br/K(2)CO(3) are the corresponding proximal (i.e., 1,2) O,O'-dialkyl ethers, in contrast to the parent tetrahydroxycalix[4]arene 1a which affords the distal (1,3) dialkyl ether derivatives.