Noise attenuation of hearing protectors against heavy weapon noise.

This study evaluated the noise attenuation of earplugs and earmuffs or their combined use against heavy weapon noise in field conditions for military personnel. The noise attenuation was measured with a miniature microphone inserted into the ear canal. The subjects (13) were tested against pink noise and against the noise of explosions and bazooka, mortar, cannon, and howitzer.

Muscle strain during aerial combat maneuvering exercise.

Background: Little is known about the in-flight muscular strain of fighter pilots.

Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to measure fighter pilots' mean and peak muscular strain during aerial combat maneuvering exercises. The results obtained were compared against existing ergonomic recommendations.

Epidemiology and traumatology of injuries in elite soccer: a prospective study in Finland.

A prospective study of male soccer injuries among 12 teams playing at the highest competition level was carried out in Finland in 1993. Overall, two out of three players were injured during the whole season. The injury incidence per 1000 playing hours among injured players and all players during games was higher than during practice, 14.