Intravenous antibiotics for urinary tract infections in children with neurologic impairment.

Background: Children with high-intensity neurologic impairment (HINI) have an increased risk of urinary tract infection (UTI) and prolonged intravenous (IV) antibiotic exposure.

Objective: To determine the association between short (≤3 days) and long (>3 days) IV antibiotic courses and UTI treatment failure in hospitalized children with HINI.

Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study examining UTI hospitalizations at 49 hospitals in the Pediatric Health Information System from 2016 to 2021 for children (1-18 years) with HINI.

Disparities in Pharmacologic Restraint for Children Hospitalized in Mental Health Crisis.

Background And Objectives: Children hospitalized with a mental health crisis often receive pharmacologic restraint for management of acute agitation. We examined associations between pharmacologic restraint use and race and ethnicity among children admitted for mental health conditions to acute care nonpsychiatric children's hospitals.

Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of children (aged 5-≤18 years) admitted for a primary mental health condition from 2018 to 2022 at 41 US children's hospitals.

Pharmacologic restraint use for children experiencing mental health crises in pediatric hospitals.

Background: Children in mental health crises are increasingly admitted to children's hospitals awaiting inpatient psychiatric placement. During hospitalization, patients may exhibit acute agitation prompting pharmacologic restraint use.

Objective: To determine hospital-level incidence and variation of pharmacologic restraint use among children admitted for mental health conditions in children's hospitals.

Association of Race/Ethnicity and Social Determinants with Rehospitalization for Mental Health Conditions at Acute Care Children's Hospitals.

Objective: To evaluate associations of race/ethnicity and social determinants with 90-day rehospitalization for mental health conditions to acute care nonpsychiatric children's hospitals.

Study Design: We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of mental health hospitalizations for children aged 5-18 years from 2016 to 2018 at 32 freestanding US children's hospitals using the Children's Hospital Association's Pediatric Health Information System database to assess the association of race/ethnicity and social determinants (insurance payer, neighborhood median household income, and rurality of patient home location) with 90-day rehospitalization. Risk factors for rehospitalization were modeled using mixed-effects multivariable logistic regression.

Barriers to Tobacco Cessation for Caregivers of Hospitalized Children: Perspectives of Pediatric Hospitalists.

Objectives: Secondhand smoke exposure is associated with adverse health outcomes in children, yet tobacco cessation efforts for caregivers of hospitalized children are lacking. We sought to explore pediatric hospitalists' attitudes and barriers to providing tobacco cessation for caregivers of hospitalized children.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of pediatric hospitalists and fellows at 7 hospitals from November 1, 2018, to November 30, 2019.

Peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis: an unusual case and discussion of genetic associations.

Peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis is a common congenital heart lesion associated with several genetic syndromes. We have reviewed the genetics of the lesion and present an unusual case of peripheral pulmonary stenosis involving a newly reported genetic deletion on chromosome 16. Further studies will be needed to confirm association of this genotype and phenotype.

Upregulation of prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated endothelium promotes inflammation.

Background: Prolylcarboxypeptidase (Prcp) gene, along with altered PRCP and kallikrein levels, have been implicated in inflammation pathogenesis. PRCP regulates angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7) - and bradykinin (BK) - stimulated nitric oxide production in endothelial cells. The mechanism through which kallikrein expression is altered during infection is not fully understood.

Conjunctival T-cell subpopulations in Sjögren's and non-Sjögren's patients with dry eye.

Purpose: To examine the conjunctiva of patients with Sjögren's syndrome keratoconjunctivitis sicca (SS-KCS) and non-Sjögren's keratoconjunctivitis sicca (NS-KCS) for evidence of immune-based inflammation.

Methods: Conjunctival biopsy specimens were obtained from 15 patients with SS-KCS and 15 with NS-KCS. Immunohistochemistry was performed on frozen sections to characterize and quantify T-cell subtypes (CD3, CD4, and CD8) and markers of immune activation (major histocompatibility complex [MHC] class II: HLA-DR, HLA-DQ) and inflammation (intercellular adhesion molecule [ICAM]-1).