Preventive Action of Beta-Carotene against the Indoxyl Sulfate-Induced Renal Dysfunction in Male Adult Zebrafish via Regulations of Mitochondrial Inflammatory and β-Carotene Oxygenase-2 Actions.

Indoxyl sulfate (IS) is a metabolic byproduct of indole metabolism. IS readily interacts with the mitochondrial redox metabolism, leading to altered renal function. The β-carotene oxygenase-2 (BCO2) enzyme converts carotenoids to intermediate products.

Astaxanthin: A Marine Drug That Ameliorates Cerebrovascular-Damage-Associated Alzheimer's Disease in a Zebrafish Model via the Inhibition of Matrix Metalloprotease-13.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major type of dementia disorder. Common cognitive changes occur as a result of cerebrovascular damage (CVD) via the disruption of matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13). In diabetic cases, the progress of vascular dementia is faster and the AD rate is higher.

Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction Ameliorates the Aluminium Chloride-Induced Neurovascular Dysfunction-Associated Vascular Dementia in Rats.

Neurovascular dysfunction leads to the second most common type of dementia, i.e., vascular dementia (VaD).

In Silico and In Vitro Methods in the Characterization of Beta-Carotene as Pharmaceutical Material via Acetylcholine Esterase Inhibitory Actions.

Molecular docking is widely used in the assessment of the therapeutic potential of pharmaceutical agents. The binding properties of beta-carotene (BC) to acetylcholine esterase (AChE) proteins were characterized using the molecular docking method. The mechanism of AChE inhibition was assessed by an experimental in vitro kinetic study.

Reversal of Neuralgia Effect of Beta Carotene in Streptozotocin-Associated Diabetic Neuropathic Pain in Female Zebrafish via Matrix Metalloprotease-13 Inhibition.

Beta carotene is a natural anti-oxidant agent, and it inhibits the matrix metalloprotease (MMP) activity. Diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) is produced by cellular oxidative stress. The role of the beta carotene effect in diabetic neuropathic pain is not explored yet.

Therapeutic Investigation of Palm Oil Mill Effluent-Derived Beta-Carotene in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Retinopathy via the Regulation of Blood-Retina Barrier Functions.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) primarily progresses into retinal degeneration caused by microvascular dysfunction. The pathophysiology of DR progression is still uncertain. This study investigates the function of beta-carotene (PBC) originating from palm oil mill effluent in the treatment of diabetes in mice.

Palm Oil Derived Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction Attenuates Vascular Dementia in Type 2 Diabetic Rats.

Vascular dementia (VaD) is a serious global health issue and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients are at higher risk. Palm oil tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) exhibits neuroprotective properties; however, its effect on VaD is not reported. Hence, we evaluated TRF effectiveness in T2DM-induced VaD rats.

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Kinase Inhibitor Ameliorates β-Amyloid Oligomer-Induced Alzheimer Disease in Swiss Albino Mice.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the major neurodegenerative disorders, and its incidence increases globally every year. Currently, available AD drugs symptomatically treat AD with multiple adverse effects. Gefitinib (GE) is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibitor.

The Attenuating Effect of Beta-Carotene on Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Vascular Dementia Symptoms in Rats.

This study investigated the ameliorative effects of beta-carotene (BC) on diabetes-associated vascular dementia and its action against biomolecule oxidation. The diabetic vascular dementia (VaD) was induced by administration of nicotinamide (NA; 50 mg/kg; ) and streptozotocin (STZ; 50 mg/kg; ). The test compound, BC (50 and 100 mg/kg; ), and the reference compound, donepezil (DP) (1 mg/kg; ), were administered for 15 consecutive days.

Physiological and Pathophysiological Role of Cysteine Metabolism in Human Metabolic Syndrome.

Cysteine is one of the major intermediate products of cellular amino-acid metabolism. It is a semi-essential amino acid for protein synthesis. Besides, it is also employed in the regulation of major endogenous anti-oxidant molecule i.

Computer-Aided Drug Discovery (CADD) Approaches for the Management of Neuropathic Pain.

Neuropathic pain occurs due to physical damage, injury, or dysfunction of neuronal fibers. The pathophysiology of neuropathic pain is too complex. Therefore, an accurate and reliable prediction of the appropriate hits/ligands for the treatment of neuropathic pain is a challenging process.

Pharmacological evaluation of vanillic acid in rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease rat model.

In the present study, we investigated the anti-Parkinson's effect of vanillic acid (VA) (12 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg p.o.) against rotenone (2 mg/kg s.

Current Perspectives of Healthy Mitochondrial Function for Healthy Neurons.

The neuron is high-energy utilizing tissue. The rate of neuronal cell respiration is higher than in other cells. Cellular respiration occurs with mitochondria.

Therapeutic applications of transdermal microneedles.

Transdermal drug-delivery systems (TDDS) offer an attractive alternative to the oral route for delivery of biotherapeutics. Technological advancements in the past few decades have revolutionized the fabrication of micro-structured devices including creation of microneedles (MC). These devices are used for delivering peptides, macromolecules such as proteins and DNA, and other therapeutics through the skin.

Current Perspectives on Therapies, Including Drug Delivery Systems, for Managing Glioblastoma Multiforme.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a standout among the most dangerous class of central nervous system (CNS) cancer, is most common and is an aggressive malignant brain tumor in adults. In spite of developments in modality therapy, it remains mostly incurable. Consequently, the need for novel systems, strategies, or therapeutic approaches for enhancing the assortment of active agents meant for GBM becomes an important criterion.

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) Studies for the Inhibition of MAOs.

Monoamine oxidases are the crucial drug targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders like depression, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. The enzymes catalyze the oxidative deamination of several monoamine containing neurotransmitters, i.e.

Preventative effects of alpha-naphtho flavone in vascular dementia.

Vascular dementia (VaD) refers to the loss of reasoning, planning, judgment, and memory as a result of reduced blood flow, inflammation, activation of immune cells, and neurodegenerative processes. Here, we tested the preventive effects of alpha-naphthoflavone (ANF) on a model of vascular dementia induced by four-vessel occlusion (4VO) in rats. Animals were treated orally for 5 consecutive days with 10 mg/kg of donepezil (a traditional therapeutic drug) and 40 and 80 mg/kg ANF.

Ameliorative effect of gallic acid in paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain in mice.

The present study has been investigated the role of gallic acid (GA) in paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain. The neuropathic pain was developed with paclitaxel (PT: 2 mg/kg, ) administration in mice. GA (20 and 40 mg/kg) and pregabalin (PreG: 5 mg/kg) were administered intravenously for 10 consecutive days.

Curcumin prevents cigarette smoke extract induced cognitive impairment.

Curcumin is a major phytochemical constituent in an herbaceous perennial plant of family, which exhibits anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Here, we studied the therapeutic action of curcumin against CSE induced cognitive impairment in zebrafish. Montelukast (20 mg/kg), a cysteinyl-leukotriene receptor blocker was used as a reference drug.

Therapeutic evaluation of solid lipid nanoparticle of quercetin in pentylenetetrazole induced cognitive impairment of zebrafish.

Background: Quercetin is a major flavonoid in various plants. It possesses the multiple pharmacological actions like vascular integrity and regulatory action of the blood-brain barrier.

Aims: The present study is focused on evaluating the role of solid lipid nanoparticle of quercetin in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced cognitive impairment of Danio rerio species.

Lower vertebrate and invertebrate models of Alzheimer's disease - A review.

Alzheimer's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder which is characterized by the presence of beta- amyloid protein and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain. Till now, various higher vertebrate models have been in use to study the pathophysiology of this disease. But, these models possess some limitations like ethical restrictions, high cost, difficult maintenance of large quantity and lesser reproducibility.

Ischemic-reperfusion of unilateral external iliac artery in rat: A new model for vasculitic femoral neuropathy.

Clinically, ischemic environment during gynecological surgery at lithotomy position is most common causative factor for the development of vasculitic femoral neuropathy (VFN). The present study was designed to induce the clinically relevant rat model of VFN by ischemic-reperfusion (I/R) injury of unilateral external iliac artery (uEIA). The VFN was induced by 3, 4 and 5h occlusion of uEIA followed by reperfusion.

Therapeutic evaluation of rutin in two-kidney one-clip model of renovascular hypertension in rat.

Aim: The current investigation, designed to investigate the role of rutin in two-kidney one-clip (2K1C) induced renovascular dysfunction associated with hypertension in rat.

Main Methods: The renovascular hypertension was developed by the application of vascular clip on left renal artery in rats; the right kidney was kept as such throughout the experimental protocol. The rutin (200 and 300 mg/kg; p.

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: A Current Drug Target for the Management of Neuropathic Pain.

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is well established in renovascular and cardiovascular functions. The modulators of this system are significantly used for regulating elevated blood pressure in human and animals. Recently, it has also been documented to produce neurological actions.