Development of New Indonesian Propolis Extract-Loaded Self-emulsifying: Characterization, Stability and Antibacterial Activity.

This study aimed to prepare, characterize, examine the stability and evaluation of the antibacterial activity of Indonesian propolis extract-loaded self-emulsifying (PESE). Oil, emulsifier, and co-emulsifier were selected as the carrier for the PESE formulation through a propolis-extract solubility test on each carrier, followed by evaluation of the nanoemulsion region in a pseudo ternary phase diagram. Pre-concentrate of PESE was prepared with the addition of 150 mg/mL propolis extract followed by characterization for the transmittance, globule size, zeta potential, thermodynamic stability, robustness to dilution, and accelerated stability.