Clinical value of peripheral blood M2/M1 like monocyte ratio in the diagnosis of breast cancer and the differentiation between benign and malignant breast tumors.

Background: During tumor progression, circulating monocytes and macrophages are actively recruited into tumors where they alter the tumor microenvironment to accelerate tumor progression. In response to multiple microenvironmental signals from the tumor and stromal cells, macrophages change their functional phenotypes. Based on their function, macrophages are commonly classified into both, classical M1 and alternative M2 macrophages.

Hodgkin's lymphoma. An immunohistochemical profile in northern Iraq.

Objective: To evaluate the expression of several immunohistochemical markers in Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), and to determine the relative frequency of HL subtypes.

Methods: From January 2010 through January 2013, 42 HL cases were included in this case series study. Cases were collected from Al-Jumhori Teaching Hospital and private laboratories in Nineveh province, Iraq.