Comparison of patients using lamivudine, entecavir, and tenofovir according to liver fibrosis markers fibrosis-4 and aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index scores.

Objectives: It was intended to assess the efficacy of lamivudine, entecavir, and tenofovir regimens in the management of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) guided by Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) and aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) scores.

Materials And Methods: Our study was conducted on patients who applied to the hepatitis outpatient clinic between 2008 and 2015 retrospectively. Lamivudine, entecavir, and tenofovir regimens used in the practice of CHB cases were compared by measuring noninvasive FIB tests.

Microbial contamination and infection risks of narghile besides hazards of tobacco.

Objective: Water-pipe smoking has become a serious public health threat worldwide. In order to raise awareness of adverse effects and transmission of bacteria via water-pipe smoking, we aimed to identify the bacteria and their antimicrobial resistance profiles that colonize different parts of waterpipes.

Methods: We examined totally 182 water pipes from 7 lounges (in Turkey) used in public places and we collected 728 culture samples in total by microbiological methods.