Altered tonsillar toll-like receptor (TLR)-1 and TLR-2 expression levels between periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and cervical adenitis (PFAPA), and group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal (GAβHS) recurrent tonsillitis patients.

Introduction: Tonsillar microenvironment is thought to contribute to innate immune dysregulation responsible for the periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and cervical adenitis (PFAPA) because of beneficial effects of tonsillectomy on treatment of the syndrome. Accordingly previous studies reported altered lymphocyte frequency, cytokine level and microbial composition in PFAPA tonsils. The aim of our study is to monitor expression levels of pro-inflammatory cell surface Toll-like receptors (TLRs) which have important role in induction of inflammation and maintaining tissue haemostasis.

Extrusion of Alloplastic Septal Silicone Implant: 25 Years After Rhinoplasty.

Multiple techniques and a variety of materials used for grafting have been described and applied over the years. Silicone implants are one of the most widely used alloplastic materials in Asian rhinoplasty, however, there are several complications. The authors report a case of an Asian woman who presented with implant rejection after 25 years later as a late complication of rhinoplasty.

Does intratympanic xylitol administration have ototoxic effects in a mouse ear model?

Objective: To research the ototoxicity of xylitol after intratympanic injection in mice ear model.

Methods: 24 female mice Balb/c mice (48 ears) included in the study. The mice were divided into 4 groups as 6 mice were found (12 ears) in each group.

Tonsillar antimicrobial peptide (AMP) expression profiles of periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, cervical adenitis (PFAPA) patients.

Introduction: PFAPA (periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and cervical adenitis) is the most frequent non-infectious cause of high fever observed among the European child population. While its cause is still not yet fully identified, PFAPA patients were previously shown to have altered tonsillar microbiome composition. Our study hypothesized that this is associated with a change in antimicrobial peptide (AMP) expression levels, as in the case of Crohn's disease which is another autoinflammatory disorder.

Ototoxic effect of topical oxiconazole and terbinafine in rats.

Objective: To assess the ototoxic effects of topically applied oxiconazole and terbinafine by means of auditory brainstem responses in rats.

Design: Nonrandomized, controlled trial.

Setting: Tertiary referral centre.

Combined intratympanic and systemic use of steroids for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss.

Objective: To compare hearing results in idiopathic sudden hearing loss patients treated with systemic steroids alone or combined intratympanic and steroids.

Study Design: Prospective.

Setting: Tertiary referral hospital.

Necrotizing fasciitis of the head and neck: Report of two cases and literature review.

Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a potentially fatal soft-tissue infection characterized by rapidly progressive necrosis of subcutaneous tissue and superficial fascia. NF of the head and neck is a rare clinical entity, and it must be carefully differentiated from less severe conditions. Factors such as delayed treatment, inappropriate treatment, host debilitation, and polymicrobial infection contribute to the mortality and morbidity of NF.

[Internal jugular vein thrombosis following functional and selective neck dissections].

Objectives: Internal jugular vein (IJV) thrombosis is a rare complication of functional and selective neck dissections. It increases morbidity and may seldom be fatal. We investigated the frequency of IJV thrombosis and its relationship with the dissection technique.

Familial primary localized laryngeal amyloidosis in two sisters.

Laryngeal amyloidosis is rare, accounting for less than 1% of all benign laryngeal tumors. Although familial primary localized amyloidosis has been reported in other parts of the body, no familial cases have been reported in the larynx. Primary localized laryngeal amyloidosis was detected in two sisters whose ages were 35 years and 38 years, respectively.

Intratympanic methylprednisolone for sudden sensorineural hearing loss.

Objective: Corticosteroids are commonly used for the treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL). In this study, the effectiveness of intratympanic (IT) corticosteroid injection was studied and compared with a control group on patients with SSHL who failed systemic corticosteroid treatment.

Materials And Methods: A total of 19 patients as a retreatment group (RG) and 18 patients as a control group (CG), all failed high-dose intravenous and oral corticosteroid treatments, were included in this study.

Objective voice changes in nondysphonic Parkinson's disease patients.

Objective: To obtain objective acoustic analysis results from Parkinson's disease patients who do not have voice symptoms and to compare these results with those from age- and sex-matched control subjects.

Design: Prospective.

Setting: Tertiary reference hospital.

Evaluation of sentinel nodes in the assessment of cervical metastases from head and neck squamous cell carcinomas.

Aims And Background: To delineate the lymphatic drainage in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) patients by lymphoscintigraphy and to investigate whether the results of histopathological evaluation of sentinel nodes have any diagnostic relevance with regard to the metastatic involvement of all cervical lymph nodes.

Methods: Forty-one patients clinically pre-diagnosed as having primary head and neck SCC underwent Tc-99m nanocolloid lymphoscintigraphy and were evaluated according to the Memorial Sloan Kettering cervical lymph nodes level system. Treatment of 24 of these patients included neck dissection in addition to surgery for the primary tumor.

The carpenter syndrome phenotype.

Carpenter syndrome (Acrocephalopolysyndactyly type II), first described in 1901, consists of acrocephaly, syndactyly, polydactyly, congenital heart disease, mental retardation, hypogenitalism, cryptorchidism, obesity, umbilical hernia and bony abnormalities. We report a 6 years old boy presenting as a union of these malformations and also having bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Auditory disturbances are not common among Carpenter syndrome patients.

A possible role of Helicobacter pylori in chronic rhinosinusitis: a preliminary report.

Objective: The objective was to investigate the presence of Helicobacter pylori with polymerase chain reaction in the sinonasal mucosa of patients with or without chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).

Study Design: A prospective clinical trial.

Methods: Mucosal tissue samples were collected from ethmoid cells of 12 patients with CRS and the removed mucosal part of the middle concha of 13 patients with concha bullosa who were treated surgically in our institution.