Solving the laminar boundary layer problem in heat transfer with heuristic optimization techniques.

Heat transfer takes place in every aspect of our daily life. Many situations, such as energy conversion plants, heating devices, and cooling systems, focus on heat transfer. One of the subjects in heat transfer is the boundary layer of the laminar flow problem.

Short and long-term effects of bacterial translocation due to obstructive jaundice on liver damage.

Background/aims: The present study was conducted to determine if obstructive jaundice promotes bacterial translocation and to evaluate the changes in hepatic histopathology in patients with benign biliary obstruction.

Methodology: Between January 1996 and January 1998, 19 patients treated for benign biliary obstruction were studied. Fourteen patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis were taken as the control group.