Mothers' Breast Milk Composition and Their Respective Infant's Gut Microbiota Differ between Five Distinct Rural and Urban Regions in Vietnam.

Microbiota colonization and development in early life is impacted by various host intrinsic (genetic) factors, but also diet, lifestyle, as well as environmental and residential factors upon and after birth. To characterize the impact of maternal nutrition and environmental factors on vaginally born infant gut microbiota composition, we performed an observational study in five distinct geographical areas in Vietnam. Fecal samples of infants (around 39 days old) and fecal and breast milk samples of their mothers (around 28 years) were collected.

Autoantibodies to selenoprotein P in chronic fatigue syndrome suggest selenium transport impairment and acquired resistance to thyroid hormone.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) presents with symptoms of hypothyroidism, including mental and physical fatigue, poor sleep, depression, and anxiety. However, thyroid hormone (TH) profiles of elevated thyrotropin and low thyroxine (T4) are not consistently observed. Recently, autoantibodies to the Se transporter SELENOP (SELENOP-aAb) have been identified in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and shown to impair selenoprotein expression.

Omega-3 fatty acids in heart disease-why accurately measured levels matter.

Current guidelines barely support marine omega‑3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in cardiology, mainly because results of large trials were equivocal. Most large trials have tested EPA alone or EPA + DHA combined as a drug, thereby disregarding the relevance of their blood levels. These levels are frequently assessed with the Omega‑3 Index (percentage of EPA + DHA in erythrocytes), which is determined using a specific standardised analytical procedure.

Pregnant Dutch Women Have Inadequate Iodine Status and Selenium Intake.

Iodine and selenium are essential for thyroid hormone synthesis. Iodine and selenium interact. Pregnancy increases the maternal iodine requirement.

Thyroidal and Extrathyroidal Requirements for Iodine and Selenium: A Combined Evolutionary and (Patho)Physiological Approach.

Iodide is an antioxidant, oxidant and thyroid hormone constituent. Selenoproteins are needed for triiodothyronine synthesis, its deactivation and iodine release. They also protect thyroidal and extrathyroidal tissues from hydrogen peroxide used in the 'peroxidase partner system'.

Obesity and Leptin Resistance in the Regulation of the Type I Interferon Early Response and the Increased Risk for Severe COVID-19.

Obesity, and obesity-associated conditions such as hypertension, chronic kidney disease, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, are important risk factors for severe Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The common denominator is metaflammation, a portmanteau of metabolism and inflammation, which is characterized by chronically elevated levels of leptin and pro-inflammatory cytokines. These induce the "Suppressor Of Cytokine Signaling 1 and 3" (SOCS1/3), which deactivates the leptin receptor and also other SOCS1/3 sensitive cytokine receptors in immune cells, impairing the type I and III interferon early responses.

Low Circulating Concentrations of Very Long Chain Saturated Fatty Acids Are Associated with High Risk of Mortality in Kidney Transplant Recipients.

Kidney transplant recipients (KTR) are at increased risk of mortality, particularly from infectious diseases, due to lifelong immunosuppression. Although very long chain saturated fatty acids (VLSFA) have been identified as crucial for phagocytosis and clearance of infections, their association with mortality in immunocompromised patient groups has not been studied. In this prospective cohort study we included 680 outpatient KTR with a functional graft ≥1 year and 193 healthy controls.

Temporal Changes in Breast Milk Fatty Acids Contents: A Case Study of Malay Breastfeeding Women.

The composition of human breast milk changes in the first two months of life, adapting itself to the evolving needs of the growing new-born. Lipids in milk are a source of energy, essential fatty acids (FA), fat-soluble vitamins, and vital bioactive components. Information on breast milk FA of Malaysian lactating women is scarce.

C-reactive protein in traditional melanesians on Kitava.

Background: Population-based levels of the chronic low-grade systemic inflammation biomarker, C-reactive protein (CRP), vary widely among traditional populations, despite their apparent absence of chronic conditions associated with chronic low-grade systemic inflammation, such as type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. We have previously reported an apparent absence of aforementioned conditions amongst the traditional Melanesian horticulturalists of Kitava, Trobriand Islands, Papua New Guinea. Our objective in this study was to clarify associations between chronic low-grade systemic inflammation and chronic cardiometabolic conditions by measuring CRP in a Kitava population sample.

Methylmalonic acid, vitamin B12, renal function, and risk of all-cause mortality in the general population: results from the prospective Lifelines-MINUTHE study.

Background: Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is best known for its use as a functional marker of vitamin B12 deficiency. However, MMA concentrations not only depend on adequate vitamin B12 status, but also relate to renal function and endogenous production of propionic acid. Hence, we aimed to investigate to what extent variation in MMA levels is explained by vitamin B12 and eGFR and whether MMA levels are associated with mortality if vitamin B12 and eGFR are taken into account.

The Importance of Lactose in the Human Diet: Outcomes of a Mexican Consensus Meeting.

Lactose is a unique component of breast milk, many infant formulas and dairy products, and is widely used in pharmaceutical products. In spite of that, its role in human nutrition or lactose intolerance is generally not well-understood. For that reason, a 2-day-long lactose consensus meeting with health care professionals was organized in Mexico to come to a set of statements for which consensus could be gathered.

Potential Biomarkers for Fat from Dairy and Fish and Their Association with Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Cross-sectional Data from the LifeLines Biobank and Cohort Study.

Dairy fat intake, reflected by the biomarkers C14:0, C15:0, C17:0, trans-C16:1 (-7), trans-C18:1 (-7) and CLA, may have beneficial effects on cardiovascular health. It has, however, been questioned whether this association is genuine, since C15:0 and C17:0 are also biomarkers from fish. We investigated whether the above biomarkers are reliable markers for dairy fat intake in 864 healthy subjects.

Circulating fatty acids as biomarkers of dairy fat intake: data from the lifelines biobank and cohort study.

C14:0, C15:0, C17:0 and trans-C16:1(-7) are often used as biomarkers for dairy fat intake. Trans-C18:1(-7) and CLA, two fatty acids which are also present in dairy, have hardly been explored. We investigated whether trans-C18:1(-7) and CLA can enrich the existing biomarker portfolio.

Influence of daily 10-85 μg vitamin D supplements during pregnancy and lactation on maternal vitamin D status and mature milk antirachitic activity.

Pregnant and lactating women and breastfed infants are at risk of vitamin D deficiency. The supplemental vitamin D dose that optimises maternal vitamin D status and breast milk antirachitic activity (ARA) is unclear. Healthy pregnant women were randomised to 10 (n 10), 35 (n 11), 60 (n 11) and 85 (n 11) µg vitamin D3/d from 20 gestational weeks (GW) to 4 weeks postpartum (PP).

Regional variations in human milk oligosaccharides in Vietnam suggest FucTx activity besides FucT2 and FucT3.

Breastfeeding is the normal way of providing young infants with the nutrients they need for healthy growth and development (WHO). Human milk oligosaccharides (hMOS) constitute a highly important class of nutrients that are attracting strong attention in recent years. Several studies have indicated that hMOS have prebiotic properties, but also are effective in anti-adhesion of pathogens, modulating the immune system and providing nutrients for brain growth and development.

Fatty acids as biomarkers of total dairy and dairy fat intakes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Context: Dairy intake in humans is commonly assessed using questionnaires, but the data collected are often biased. As a result, there is increasing interest in biomarkers of dairy fat. To date, there has been no overview of the fatty acids suitable for use as biomarkers of dairy fat intake.

Intermittent living; the use of ancient challenges as a vaccine against the deleterious effects of modern life - A hypothesis.

Chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCD) are the leading cause of mortality in developed countries. They ensue from the sum of modern anthropogenic risk factors, including high calorie nutrition, malnutrition, sedentary lifestyle, social stress, environmental toxins, politics and economic factors. Many of these factors are beyond the span of control of individuals, suggesting that CNCD are inevitable.

Iodine status during pregnancy and lactation: a pilot study in the Netherlands.

Background: Iodine deficiency occurs in West European countries. Iodine is important for brain development of the foetus and infant. The current iodine status of pregnant and lactating Dutch women is unknown.

Influence of prednisolone on parameters of de novo lipogenesis and indices for stearoyl-CoA- and Δ6- desaturase activity in healthy males: A Post-hoc analysis of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial.

Glucocorticoid treatment decreases liver insulin sensitivity and may modify fatty acid metabolism. We investigated the influence of oral prednisolone on indices for de novo lipogenesis (DNLi), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCDi) and Δ6-desaturase (D6Di) activity in healthy males. In addition, we explored whether the changes may be associated with prednisolone-induced changes in glucose and lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity.

Higher Prevalence of "Low T3 Syndrome" in Patients With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Case-Control Study.

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a heterogeneous disease with unknown cause(s). CFS symptoms resemble a hypothyroid state, possibly secondary to chronic (low-grade) (metabolic) inflammation. We studied 98 CFS patients (21-69 years, 21 males) and 99 age- and sex-matched controls (19-65 years, 23 males).

Fish oil supplemental dose needed to reach 1g% DHA+EPA in mature milk.

Introduction: Erythrocyte (RBC) DHA+EPA is considered optimal at 8g%. Mothers with lifetime high fish intakes exhibiting this status produce milk with about 1g% DHA+EPA. We established DHA+EPA supplemental dosages needed to augment RBC DHA+EPA to 8g% and milk DHA+EPA to 1g%.

Prevalence and Effects of Functional Vitamin K Insufficiency: The PREVEND Study.

Matrix Gla Protein (MGP) is a strong vitamin K-dependent inhibitor of soft tissue calcification. We assessed the prevalence of functional vitamin K insufficiency, as derived from plasma desphospho-uncarboxylated MGP (dp-ucMGP), and investigated whether plasma dp-ucMGP is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in a large general population-based cohort. We included 4275 subjects (aged 53 ± 12 years, 46.

Milk vitamin D in relation to the 'adequate intake' for 0-6-month-old infants: a study in lactating women with different cultural backgrounds, living at different latitudes.

Breast-fed infants are susceptible to vitamin D deficiency rickets. The current vitamin D 'adequate intake' (AI) for 0-6-month-old infants is 10 µg/d, corresponding with a human milk antirachitic activity (ARA) of 513 IU/l. We were particularly interested to see whether milk ARA of mothers with lifetime abundant sunlight exposure reaches the AI.

Corrigendum to "Influence of a 10-Day Mimic of Our Ancient Lifestyle on Anthropometrics and Parameters of Metabolism and Inflammation: The "Study of Origin"".

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2016/6935123.].