Encapsulation of β-Galactosidase into Polyallylamine/Polystyrene Sulphonate Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules.

More than half of the global population is unable to consume dairy products due to lactose intolerance (hypolactasia). Current enzyme replacement therapy methods are insufficiently effective as a therapeutic approach to treating lactose intolerance. The encapsulation of β-galactosidase in polyelectrolyte microcapsules by using the layer-by-layer method could be a possible solution to this problem.

Characterization of Polyallylamine/Polystyrene Sulfonate Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules Formed on Solid Cores: Morphology.

Polyelectrolyte microcapsules (PMC) based on polyallylamine and polystyrene sulfonate are utilized in various fields of human activity, including medicine, textiles, and the food industry, among others. However, characteristics such as microcapsule size, shell thickness, and pore size are not sufficiently studied and systematized, even though they determine the possibility of using microcapsules in applied tasks. The aim of this review is to identify general patterns and gaps in the study of the morphology of polyelectrolyte microcapsules obtained by the alternate adsorption of polystyrene sulfonate and polyallylamine on different solid cores.

Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules: An Extended Release System for the Antiarrhythmic Complex of Allapinin with Glycyrrhizic Acid Salt.

Allapinin has antiarrhythmic activity and can be used to prevent and treat various supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. Nevertheless, it is highly toxic and has a number of side effects associated with non-specific accumulation in various tissues. The complex of this substance with the monoammonium salt of glycyrrhizic acid (Al:MASGA) has less toxicity and improved antiarrhythmic activity.

Determination of Phenol with Peroxidase Immobilized on CaCO.

Phenols are widely used in industries despite their toxicity, which requires governments to limit their concentration in water to 5 mg/L before discharge to the city sewer. Thus, it is essential to develop a rapid, simple, and low-cost detection method for phenol. This study explored two pathways of peroxidase immobilization to develop a phenol detection system: peroxidase encapsulation into polyelectrolyte microcapsules and peroxidase captured by CaCO.

Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules-A Promising Target Delivery System of Amiodarone with the Possibility of Prolonged Release.

Atrial fibrillation is one of the most common cardiac arrhythmias. Pharmacological preparations are used for treatment to control heart rate and rhythm. Amiodarone is one of these highly effective preparations, but, at the same time, it has significant toxicity and nonspecific accumulation in tissues.

Sorption of Salts of Various Metals by Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules.

Anthropogenic activity negatively affects the environment by polluting it with the salts of various metals. One of the ways to reduce this influence is to use water purification methods for the salts of various metals. Water purification methods based on nanomaterials are promising.

A Study of the Buffer Capacity of Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules Depending on Their Concentration and the Number of Layers of the Polyelectrolyte Shell.

Polyelectrolyte microcapsules are used in the development of new forms of targeted delivery systems, self-healing materials, sensors, and smart materials. Nevertheless, their buffer capacity has not been practically studied, although that characteristic makes it possible to estimate the change in the state of protonation of the entire polyelectrolyte system. This is necessary both for creating a buffer barrier system for pH-sensitive compounds (metals, enzymes, polyelectrolytes, drugs) and for the correct interpretation of the results of research and studying of the PMC structure.

A Study of the Buffer Capacity of Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules Depending on Their Ionic Environment and Incubation Temperature.

Polyelectrolyte microcapsules (PMCs) are used in the development of new forms of drugs, coatings and diagnostic systems. Their buffer capacity, depending on the conditions of the medium, has not been practically studied, although it can affect the structure of both the capsule itself and the encapsulated agents. In this connection, we studied the buffer capacity of polyelectrolyte microcapsules of the composition (polystyrene sulfonate/polyallylamine) ((PSS/PAH)) depending on the concentration and the type of salt in solution, as well as the microcapsule incubation temperature.

Destruction of polyelectrolyte microcapsules and release of FITC-dextran from them by the influence of sodium dodecyl sulfonate.

Polyelectrolyte microcapsules can be applied as microcontainers for the delivery of a wide range of substances, and it is important to search for new methods for capsule destruction and releasing substances from them. In this work, we studied the possibility of using sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS) for the release of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran from six-layer microcapsules composed of PAH and PSS. It was shown that the presence of SDS in the medium, at a concentration of 3000 μg/ml, leads to the destruction of polyelectrolyte microcapsules and the release of the substance from them (54% of the amount of the encapsulated substance), while the main part of the FITC-dextran released during the first hours of incubation.

The Pathways to Create Containers for Bacteriophage Delivery.

Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health threat. One of the possible ways to solve this problem is phage therapy, but the instability of bacteriophages hinders the development of this approach. A bacteriophage delivery system that stabilizes the phage is one of the possible solutions to this problem.

Qualitative and quantitative methods detection of SDS based on polyelectrolyte microcapsules.

Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is the most widely used anionic surfactant. Its frequent use causes environmental pollution and negative effects on living organisms (even at low concentrations ≈ 20 μg/ml). Thus, cheap and fast methods are needed to detect this surfactant in wastewater and surface waters in order to prevent the negative effects of SDS on the environment and human beings.

The Discovery of the Buffer Capacity of Various Types of Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules.

Polyelectrolyte microcapsules, which are obtained by the method of alternate adsorption of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes onto colloidal particles of micron size, are widely used in science and industry. Nevertheless, the properties of microcapsules are still poorly understood. In particular, there is no information in the literature on the buffer capacity.

New sight at the organization of layers of multilayer polyelectrolyte microcapsules.

In this work, the mutual arrangement of polyelectrolytes of multilayer polyelectrolyte microcapsules (with layers-[PAH/PSS]PAH) by determination of the dissociation level of polyallylamine (PAH) from the surface of a polyelectrolyte microcapsules (PMC) of various types was studied: PMC with a dissolved CaCO core after preparation, PMC with an undissolved CaCO core and PMC with an encapsulated protein. It was concluded that the polyelectrolyte layers are mixed in the entire shell of the capsules with a dissolved CaCO core. In the case of the PMC with an undissolved CaCO core, such mixing of polyelectrolyte layers does not occur.

The Influence of Polyanions and Polycations on Bacteriophage Activity.

Phage therapy is a great alternative to antibiotic drugs, but it can't effectively overcome the over-acidic medium of the stomach. We offer the use of polyelectrolyte microcapsules as a protective means of bacteriophage. It is necessary to understand the influence of polyelectrolytes on bacteriophage survival.

Effect of Pollyallylamine on Alcoholdehydrogenase Structure and Activity.

In this article, the effect of polyallylamine (PAA) on the structure and catalytic characteristics of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) was studied. For this research, we used methods of stationary kinetics and fluorescence spectroscopy. It has been shown that PAA non-competitively inhibits ADH activity while preserving its quaternary structure.

Destruction of Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules Formed on CaCO Microparticles and the Release of a Protein Included by the Adsorption Method.

The degradation of polyelectrolyte microcapsules formed on protein-free CaCO particles consisting of polyallylamine (PAH) and polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) and the resulting yield of protein in the presence of various salts of different concentrations, as well as at two pH values, was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy; the protein was incorporated into prepared microcapsules by adsorption. It was found that a high concentration of sodium chloride (2 M) leads to considerable dissociation of PAH, which is apparently due to the loosening of polyelectrolytes under the action of ionic strength. At the same time, 0.

Decapsulation of Dextran by Destruction of Polyelectrolyte Microcapsule Nanoscale Shell by Bacteria.

One of the prerequisites of successful address delivery is controlling the release of encapsulated drugs. The new method of bacterial spore encapsulation in polyelectrolyte microcapsules allows for degrading the nanoscale membrane shell of microcapsules. The possibility of encapsulating spore forms of Bacillus subtilis in polystyrenesulfonate sodium/ polyallylamine hydrochloride (PSS/PAH) polyelectrolyte microcapsules was demonstrated.

Comparative Study of Electrochemical Sensors Based on Enzyme Immobilized into Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules and into Chitosan Gel.

The characteristics of an electrochemical biosensor based on a Prussian-blue screen-printed electrode containing glucose oxidase incorporated into polyelectrolyte microcapsules (PMC) are considered. PMC with the embedded enzyme were formed using sodium polystyrene sulfonate and poly(allylamine hydrochloride). The characteristics were compared with those of the enzyme immobilized in chitosan gel.

A Study of the Cytotoxic Effect of Microcapsules and Their Constituent Polymers on Macrophages and Tumor Cells.

We studied the effect of different concentrations of polyelectrolytes poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) as well as the effects of microcapsules coated with these polymers on survival of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages and on ROS production by phagocytes. PAH reduced viability of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in a concentration-dependent manner (LD=12-15 μg/ml). This effect was presumably determined by its ability to bind phosphates, thereby depleting the culture medium.

Attachment of Poly(l-lactide) Nanoparticles to Plasma-Treated Non-Woven Polymer Fabrics Using Inkjet Printing.

Active dressings that based on fabric materials are an area of interest for the treatment of wounds. Poly(l-lactide) nanoparticles containing the antimicrobial agent octenidine can be controllably lysed by toxins released by pathogenic bacteria thus releasing antimicrobial material in response to the presence of the bacterial toxins and so counteracting the infection. We developed an integrated engineering solution that allows for the stable immobilisation of nanoparticles on non-woven fabrics.

[Forensic medical assessment of the mechanisms of development of gunshot lesions caused by elastic destructive agents].

This paper reports the results of analysis of the data obtained in experimental studies and practical expert assessments of body injuries inflicted by rubber balls for traumatic weapons. The causes accounting for the polymorphism of such injuries and the mechanisms of their development were elucidated by means of damage simulation taking into consideration the physical and dynamic properties of elastic ball-type destructive agents and the morphological structure of different anatomical regions of the human body. The results of the study may be of interest for differential diagnostics of gunshot lesions caused by elastic destructive agents.

12-month follow-up study of drug treatment in pathological gamblers: a primary outcome study.

Background: Pathological gambling (PG) is a relatively common and highly disabling impulse control disorder. A range of psychotherapeutic agents including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, antiepileptic drugs, and opioid antagonists are shown to be effective in the short-term treatment of PG. The use of a wide range of pharmacological treatments for PG is consistent with the observation that PG shares features of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders, impulse control disorders, and addictive disorders.

[Mechanism and morphological characteristics of injuries made by elastic bullets of traumatic action].

Mechanism and morphology of the injuries inflicted by shots with elastic bullets of traumatic action for self-defense are characterized. Experimental data are provided on the damage caused by elastic 9-mm bullets of traumatic cartridges from the pistols IZH-79-9T (Makarych), Walther P22T and revolvers NA-GAN p-1, RTD-1 PS (Viking).

Pathological gambling: a review of phenomenological models and treatment modalities for an underrecognized psychiatric disorder.

Pathological gambling (PG) is a prevalent and highly disabling impulse-control disorder. Two dominant phenomenological models for PG have been presented in the literature. According to one model, PG is included as an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder, while according to the second model, PG represents a form of nonpharmacologic addiction.