Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding tuberculosis in two districts of Punjab, Pakistan.

Setting: Pakistan ranks eighth among the world's highest tuberculosis (TB) burden countries, and Punjab province accounts for 60% of TB cases nationally.

Objective: To explore knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding TB in the general population of two districts of Punjab province, and the effect of socio-economic determinants.

Design: In a cross-sectional survey, subjects aged > or =20 years were randomly selected using multistage cluster sampling and interviewed.

Condyloma acuminatum associated with odontogenic myxoma: a case report.

Condylomata acuminatum is a sexually transmitted infectious disease caused by human papiloma virus on the skin. The transmission is mainly by close contact with infected person and autoinoculation. In oral cavity the condition manifests as soft pink nodules which proliferate and coalesce rapidly to form diffuse papillomatous clusters of varying size.

Antibiotic associated diarrhea in children.

Context: Keeping in view the recent flooding of the Indian market with antibiotic and probiotic combinations, we decided to look at the prevalence of antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD) and Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in children and reviewed evidence available for use of probiotics in the prevention of AAD.

Evidence Acquisition: We did a PubMed, Medline and Cochrane libary search for literature available in last 25 years.

Results: Prevalence of antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD) is around 11% Children younger than 2 years and type of antibiotics are the two risk factors identified for AAD.

Influence of pre-press solvent-extracted cottonseed meal supplemented with exogenous enzyme and digestible lysine on performance, digestibility, carcass and immunity responses of broiler chickens.

The response of broiler chickens to two levels of endo-1,4-beta xylanase (EC 3.2.1.

Compassionate use of sorafenib in patients with advanced renal cell cancer.

Background: In 2005, a phase III trial demonstrated a significant increase in progression-free survival in patients with renal cell cancer (RCC) treated with sorafenib versus placebo. While awaiting the full review by the US Federal Drug Administration, we initiated a treatment protocol as a mechanism for providing sorafenib to patients with advanced RCC but who were ineligible for other sorafenib clinical trials, also known as "compassionate use." In December 2005, sorafenib became commercially available, and this protocol was closed.

A case of vertebral osteomyelitis due to quinolone-resistant Salmonella paratyphi A.

This is a case of a 63-year-old Asian female patient who presented to accident and emergency with a febrile illness 3 weeks after her return from the Indian subcontinent. She was given empirical treatment with ciprofloxacin. Blood cultures grew a quinolone-resistant resistant Salmonella paratyphi A so she was re-called, admitted to hospital and treated with intravenous cefotaxime.

Complete genome analysis of a highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza A virus isolated from a tiger in China.

An influenza A virus (A/Tig/SH/01/2005 (H5N1) was isolated from lung tissue samples of a dead zoo tiger with respiratory disease in China in July 2005. Complete genome analysis indicated that the isolate was highly identical to an H5N1 virus isolated from a migratory duck at Poyang lake in China in that year. The genotype of the isolate was K,G,D,5J,F,1J,F,1E, and phylogenetically it was a clade 2.

Multivalvular infective endocarditis in a tetralogy of fallot.

Infective endocarditis (IE) is still a problem in patients with adult congenital heart disease. Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is one of the most important manifestations of congenital heart disease, which carries a high risk for the development of IE. We present an 18-year-old male with TOF complicated by an aggressive form of IE involving all cardiac valves.

Influence of canola meal-based diets supplemented with exogenous enzyme and digestible lysine on performance, digestibility, carcass, and immunity responses of broiler chickens.

The response of broiler chickens to 2 levels of endo-1,4-beta xylanase and endo-1,3-beta glucanase combination (with and without), 3 levels of digestible Lys (0.8, 0.9, and 1.

Steatosis and chronic hepatitis C virus infection.

Objective: To asses the presence of steatosis and other histological changes in patients with chronic hepatitis C.

Methods: Liver biopsy samples were reviewed for presence of steatosis, its degree and other histological changes of hepatitis C including necro-inflammatory score, fibrosis grade and these changes were correlated with liver function tests.

Results: A total of 109 liver biopsy samples were reviewed.

Etiology and outcome of thyrotoxicosis at a university hospital.

Objective: To determine the causes, clinical manifestations, mode of treatment, and outcome of hyperthyroidism at King Abdulaziz University Hospital.

Methods: A retrospective study of all cases of thyrotoxicosis diagnosed at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, in the period between January 1997 to January 1999, that received a minimum of one year treatment.

Results: A total of 203 patients were seen with female: male ratio of 3.

Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia.

Objectives: To study the episodes of Staph.aureus bacteremia diagnosed at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, to determine the source of infection, risk factors, the outcome of treatment and to compare our results with those reported in the literature.

Methods: A retrospective study in which the episodes of Staph.

Clinical profile of stroke:: The experience at King Abdulaziz University Hospital.

Objectives: To determine the pattern and risk factors of stroke in Saudi nationals and non-Saudis, at King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH), in the western province of Saudi Arabia.

Method: All cases of stroke admitted to KAUH in the period between January 1995 and December 1999 were studied. Demographic data of the patients, stroke types, risk factors and mortality were reported.

Early switch from intravenous to oral antibiotics and early hospital discharge: a prospective observational study of 200 consecutive patients with community-acquired pneumonia.

Unlabelled: To determine the proportion of patients who can be treated with early switch to oral antibiotics and early discharge, to evaluate clinical outcome and patient satisfaction for patients treated with early switch and early discharge, and to define the factors that interfere with early discharge for some of the patients who underwent early switch to oral antibiotic therapy.

Design: Prospective study.

Participants: Two hundred consecutive hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia.

A re-audit of pulmonary function laboratories in the West Midlands.

In 1991 the West Midlands Pulmonary Function Audit Group examined the consistency between pulmonary function laboratories in the West Midlands. Three healthy subjects visited 22 centres and performed a standard set of pulmonary function tests. Demographic data on nine hypothetical subjects was also supplied for the laboratories to produce predicted values.

Metabolism of 3H/14C-labeled 4''-deoxy-4''-epimethylaminoavermectin B1a benzoate in chickens. Identification of novel fatty acid conjugates of '4'-deoxy-4''-epimethylaminoavermectin B1a.

The metabolism of 3H/14C-labeled 4"-deoxy-4"-epimethylaminoavermectin B1a (MAB1a) benzoate, the major homologue (>/=90%) of the avermectin insecticide emamectin benzoate, was studied in laying chickens. Ten Leghorn hens (Gallus domesticus) were orally dosed once daily for 7 days (1 mg/kg of body weight/day). Eggs and excreta were collected daily, and eggs were subsequently separated into whites and yolks.

Gossypol inhibits human chorionic gonadotropin-stimulated testosterone production by cultured canine testicular interstitial cells.

Gossypol (GP) is a natural polyphenolic compound that possesses antifertility and antisteroidogenic activities in both males and females. The dog is highly sensitive to GP toxicity, yet GP's effect on canine testicular steroidogenesis has never been reported. Thus, the present study examines GP's effects on human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-induced testosterone (T) production by primary cultured canine testicular interstitial cells.

An audit of pulmonary function laboratories in the West Midlands.

Background: Pulmonary function testing has become an integral part of the assessment and follow-up of patients with pulmonary disease. Many factors can influence the results produced by a laboratory. This audit was performed to examine the extent of variation in the pulmonary function test results amongst all laboratories in the West Midlands.

Multiple cystic pulmonary hamartomas.

A patient with multiple cystic hamartomas presented with a pneumothorax and later developed a cystic myxomatous vaginal polyp. This and three of the cysts were resected. She remains well 13 years later.

Absolute configuration of cis-5,6-dihydrodiol enantiomers derived from helical conformers of 1,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene.

1,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (1,12-DMBA) cis-5,6-dihydrodiol was synthesized by oxidation of 1,12-DMBA with osmium tetroxide in pyridine in low yield (less than or equal to 3%) and was purified by sequential use of reversed-phase and normal-phase HPLC. Two pairs of 1,12-DMBA cis-5,6-dihydrodiol enantiomers, derived from P (right-handed helix) and M (left-handed helix) conformers, were eluted as a single chromatographic peak on both reversed-phase and normal-phase HPLC. However, these four enantiomers were resolved by sequential use of two chiral stationary phase (CSP) HPLC columns.

Stereoselective formations of enantiomeric K-region epoxide and trans-dihydrodiols in dibenz[a,h]anthracene metabolism.

Metabolism of dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DBA) to optically active epoxide and dihydrodiol products by rat liver microsomes was investigated. Enantiomeric separation of K-region 5,6-epoxide, trans- and cis-5,6-dihydrodiols, non-K-region trans-1,2- and trans-3, 4-dihydrodiols, and O-methyl ethers derived from methoxylation of racemic and enantiomeric K-region 5,6-epoxides was performed on HPLC columns packed with Pirkle chiral stationary-phase (CSP) (R)-N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)phenylglycine (R-DNBPG) or (S)-N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl) leucine (S-DNBL), which was either ionically or covalently bonded to a silica gel support. Enantiomers of DBA 5,6-epoxide, trans-5,6-dihydrodiol, and its two isomeric O-methyl ethers were efficiently separated on the ionically bonded R-DNBPG column.

Improved enantiomeric separation of dihydrodiols of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on chiral stationary phases by derivatization to O-methyl ethers.

K-region trans-dihydrodiol derivatives of phenanthrene, 1-methylphenanthrene, 4,5-methylenephenanthrene, pyrene, 1-bromopyrene, chrysene, benzo[c]phenanthrene, benz[a]anthracene, 1-, 4-, 6-, 7-, 11- and 12-methylbenz[a]anthracenes, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, 3-methylcholanthrene, and benzo[a]pyrene, and non-K-region trans-3,4-dihydrodiols of benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene are converted to O-methyl ethers. Enantiomers of these O-methyl ethers are generally more efficiently separated on Pirkle's chiral stationary phases than the enantiomers of underivatized dihydrodiols. O-Methyl ethers are substantially less polar than dihydrodiols, and O-methyl ethers are eluted with shorter retention times.

Stereoselective formation and hydration of 12-methylbenz[a]anthracene 5,6-epoxide enantiomers by rat liver microsomal enzymes.

The K-region trans-5,6-dihydrodiols formed in the metabolism of 12-methylbenz[a]anthracene (12-MBA) by liver microsomal preparations from untreated, phenobarbital-treated and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated male Sprague-Dawley rats were found by chiral stationary-phase h.p.l.