miRNAs as novel immunoregulators in cancer.

The immune system is a well-known vital regulator of tumor growth, and one of the main hallmarks of cancer is evading the immune system. Immune system deregulation can lead to immune surveillance evasion, sustained cancer growth, proliferation, and metastasis. Tumor-mediated disruption of the immune system is accomplished by different mechanisms that involve extensive crosstalk with the immediate microenvironment, which includes endothelial cells, immune cells, and stromal cells, to create a favorable tumor niche that facilitates the development of cancer.

Tumor microenvironment: an evil nexus promoting aggressive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and avenue for targeted therapy.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a very aggressive disease with a poor prognosis for advanced-stage tumors. Recent clinical, genomic, and cellular studies have revealed the highly heterogeneous and immunosuppressive nature of HNSCC. Despite significant advances in multimodal therapeutic interventions, failure to cure and recurrence are common and account for most deaths.

Cytokine-chemokine network driven metastasis in esophageal cancer; promising avenue for targeted therapy.

Esophageal cancer (EC) is a disease often marked by aggressive growth and poor prognosis. Lack of targeted therapies, resistance to chemoradiation therapy, and distant metastases among patients with advanced disease account for the high mortality rate. The tumor microenvironment (TME) contains several cell types, including fibroblasts, immune cells, adipocytes, stromal proteins, and growth factors, which play a significant role in supporting the growth and aggressive behavior of cancer cells.

Significant Effect of Anti-tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (Gefitinib) on Overall Survival of the Glioblastoma Multiforme Patients in the Backdrop of Mutational Status of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Genes.

Introduction: We aimed to assess the effect of anti-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) (gefitinib) in overall survival (OS) of the glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients in the backdrop of mutational status of epidermal growth factor receptor () and genes.

Materials And Methods: All the patients subjected to resection or biopsies were put on gefitinib, and radiotherapy was delivered as per the hospital protocol. and mutational spectrum was performed by single-strand conformation polymorphism followed by DNA sequencing.

WITHDRAWAL: Significant effect of anti-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (Gefitinib) on overall survival of the Glioblastoma (GBM) patients in the backdrop of mutational status of EGFR and PTEN genes.

The article by Sajad ARIF, Arshad PANDITH, Rehana TABASUM, Altaf RAMZAN, Sarabjeet SINGH, Mushtaq SIDDIQI, Abdul BHAT entitled "SIGNIFICANT EFFECT OF ANTI-TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR (GEFITINIB) ON OVERALL SURVIVAL OF THE GLIOBLASTOMA (GBM) PATIENTS IN THE BACKDROP OF MUTATIONAL STATUS OF EGFR AND PTEN GENES" was published ahead of print in the Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences on February 13, 2018. As corresponding author of the article, Dr. Sajad ARIF declares that he and his group submitted the same manuscript to two different journals simultaneously (Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences and Asian J Neurosurg), with subsequent redundant publications.

Upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), its role in progression and prognosis of non-small cell lung carcinoma.

Elevated VEGF mRNA (-ΔC) was significantly associated with adenocarcinoma histology (vs squamous) and advanced NSCLC clinical stages in a univariable analysis; however, this association did not remain significant in the multivariable analysis. Of interest, a Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that NSCLC patients with higher VEGF mRNA (-ΔC ≥10) had a significantly poorer overall survival and shorter postoperative relapse time in adenocarcinoma and in stage III/IV than those with VEGF mRNA of -ΔC <10 (P < 0.001).

SNP and Haplotype Analysis of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Gene in Lung Cancer Patients of Kashmir.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a major mediator of angiogenesis involving tumor growth and metastasis. In this large case-control study, we investigated whether functional polymorphisms (+405C>G, +936C>T) in the VEGF gene are associated with the risk of lung cancer. The study investigates the association between variants of VEGF gene and lung cancer.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms, haplotype association and tumour expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene with lung carcinoma.

VEGF contains several polymorphic sites known to influence its expression. We examined the possible association between+405(-634)C>G,+936C>T,-2578C>A and lung cancer in 199 Kashmiri patients and 401 healthy controls. VEGF+405CG,+936CT+TT and-2578CA genotypes were significantly associated with lung cancer risk compared to VEGF+405CC,+936CC and-2578AA+CC genotypes [OR=0.

Oncogenic Activation of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor-3 and RAS Genes as Non-Overlapping Mutual Exclusive Events in Urinary Bladder Cancer.

Background: Urinary bladder cancer is a common malignancy in the West and ranks as the 7th most common cancer in our region of Kashmir, India. FGFR3 mutations are frequent in superficial urothelial carcinoma (UC) differing from the RAS gene mutational pattern. The aim of this study was to analyze the frequency and association of FGFR3 and RAS gene mutations in UC cases.

IL-1β polymorphism and expression associated with decreased risk of gastric carcinoma: a case control study in the ethnic Kashmiri population, India.

The aim of this research was to investigate the possible association between gastric carcinoma (GC) and polymorphisms of the IL-1β gene in the Kashmiri population using peripheral blood DNA from 150 gastric carcinoma cases and 250 population controls with detailed data for clinicopathological characteristics of the disease. Two SNPs in the IL-1β gene were selected for this study. Expression of IL-1β was studied in 50 gastric carcinoma cases using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR and then correlated with genotype.

CagA subtyping in Helicobacter pylori isolates from gastric cancer patients in an ethnic Kashmiri population.

Unlabelled: The association between gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori has been well established. Among H. pylori virulence genes the most important determinant is the cytotoxin associated antigen gene (cagA) which is characterized by the presence of repeated EPIYA motifs at the C terminus of the protein.

A case of primary amenorrhea with 46+XY genotype from Kashmir Valley.

Primary amenorrhea is one of the common reproductive disorder affecting females. It leads to the absence of menarche in the reproductive age group in females and/or complete absence of reproductive organs. There are many causes which lead to PA, including genetic aberrations which are the leading factors.

Role of skin prick test in allergic disorders: a prospective study in kashmiri population in light of review.

Background: Skin prick test (SPT) is the most effective diagnostic test to detect IgE mediated type I allergic reactions like allergic rhinitis, atopic asthma, acute urticaria, food allergy etc. SPTs are done to know allergic sensitivity and applied for devising immunotherapy as the therapeutic modality.

Materials And Methods: This prospective study was conducted in the department of Immunology and Molecular medicine at SKIMS.

Cyclin D1 G870A polymorphism and risk of colorectal cancer: a case control study.

The present study aimed to analyse the role of cyclin D1 A870G polymorphism in modulating the susceptibility to colorectal cancer (CRC) in the Kashmiri population. The genotype distribution of the cyclin D1 gene in 130 CRC cases in comparison with 160 healthy controls was investigated. No direct significant association between cyclin D1 genotypes and CRC was observed; however, the AG and AA genotypes were found to be associated with an increased risk of CRC compared to the GG genotype, with an almost 2-fold increase in OR.

A Rare Case of FAP in Kashmir Valley.

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is the commonest form of inherited form of CRC. It comprises of about 5% of all the colorectal cancers (CRCs). FAP patients have a family history of CRC that suggests a genetic contribution, common exposures among family members, or a combination of both.

Burden of cancers in the valley of Kashmir: 5 year epidemiological study reveals a different scenario.

Cancer is a major burden worldwide but there are marked geographical variations in frequency and incidence overall. The aim of this study was to find the frequency and distribution of commonly occurring cancers in Kashmir, with particular emphasis on urinary bladder cancer. A total of 4,407 cases of histologically confirmed new cancer cases were registered at the Medical Records Department (MRD) of SKIMS from a period between January, 2005 and April 2010.

5'-CpG island promoter hypermethylation of the CAV-1 gene in breast cancer patients of Kashmir.

Background: Caveolin-1 (CAV-1), encoding the structural component of cellular caveolae, is a suggested tumor suppressor gene involved in cell signalling. Aberrant promoter methylation of CAV-1 is associated with inactivation of expression. We previously observed CAV-1 mutations in breast cancers and therefore devised this study to examine the hypermethylation status of the promoter region of CAV-1 with reference to breast cancer progression and development.

Impact of codon 72 Arg > Pro single nucleotide polymorphism in TP53 gene in the risk of kangri cancer: a case control study in Kashmir.

Kangri cancer found only in Kashmir (north India) is a unique thermally induced squamous cell carcinoma of the skin that develops because of chronic and persistent irritation due to the use of a kangri (a brazier) by the Kashmiri people to combat the chilling cold temperature during winter. Being unique to this region, the molecular etiology of the invasive kangri cancer is not known fully. The TP53 gene, codon 72 polymorphism (Arg72Pro), has been found to be associated with cancer susceptibility but has not been investigated in kangri cancer risk.

Vascular endothelial growth factor A gene (VEGFA) polymorphisms and expression of VEGFA gene in lung cancer patients of Kashmir Valley (India).

The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a major mediator of angiogenesis involving tumor growth and metastasis. Polymorphisms in the VEGF gene may regulate VEGF production. In this case-control study, we investigated whether functional polymorphisms (+405 C > G and +936 C > T) in the VEGF gene are associated with the risk of lung cancer.

The blues of P(16)INK(4a): aberrant promoter methylation and association with colorectal cancer in the Kashmir valley.

Hypermethylation of the promoter region of the p16INK4a (p16) gene plays a significant role in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of the present study was to establish the role of the methylation status of the p16 gene in 114 CRC cases and to correlate it with the various clinicopathological parameters. Analysis of p16 promoter methylation was performed by methylation-specific PCR.

Role of CYP2E1 genotypes in susceptibility to colorectal cancer in the Kashmiri population.

Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) is a key enzyme involved in the metabolic activation of procarcinogens such as N-nitrosoamines and low-molecular-weight organic compounds. The main aim of this study was to determine whether CYP450 2E1 polymorphisms are associated with the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). We investigated the genotype distribution of the CYP2E1 gene RsaI and a 96-base pair (bp) insertion in 86 CRC cases in comparison with 160 healthy subjects.

DNA repair gene 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase Ser326Cys polymorphism and colorectal cancer risk in a Kashmiri population.

8-Oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) is one of the important base excision repair enzymes that repair 8-oxoguanine lesion incorporated within the DNA of an individual by reactive oxygen species. The aim of this study was to detect the role of OGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism in susceptibility to colorectal cancer (CRC) in a Kashmiri population. We investigated the genotype distribution of the OGG1 gene in 114 CRC cases in comparison with 200 healthy subjects.

Analysis of molecular aberrations of Wnt pathway gladiators in colorectal cancer in the Kashmiri population.

The development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) is a multi-step process, and the Wnt pathways with its two molecular gladiators adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and β-catenin plays an important role in transforming a normal tissue into a malignant one. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of aberrations in the APC and β-catenin genes in the pathogenesis of CRC in the Kashmir valley, and to correlate it with various clinicopathological variables. We examined the paired tumour and normal-tissue specimens of 86 CRC patients for the occurrence of aberrations in the mutation cluster region (MCR) of the APC gene and exon 3 of the β-catenin gene by polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and/or PCR-direct sequencing.