A simple action reduces high fat diet intake and obesity in mice.

Diets that are high in fat cause over-eating and weight gain in multiple species of animals, suggesting that high dietary fat is sufficient to cause obesity. However, high-fat diets are typically provided freely to animals in obesity experiments, so it remains unclear if high-fat diets would still cause obesity if they required more effort to obtain. We hypothesized that unrestricted and easy access is necessary for high-fat diet induced over-eating, and the corollary that requiring mice to perform small amounts of work to obtain high-fat diet would reduce high-fat diet intake and associated weight gain.

Effects of Different Combinations of Phytochemical-Rich Fruits and Vegetables on Chronic Disease Risk Markers and Gene Expression Changes: Insights from the MiBLEND Study, a Randomized Trial.

Adequate fruit and vegetable (F and V) intake, as recommended by the World Health Organization (over 400 g/day), is linked to reduced chronic disease risk. However, human intervention trials, especially with whole F and V and in complex combinations, are lacking. The MiBlend Study explored the effects of various phytochemical-rich F and V combinations on chronic disease risk markers, phytochemical absorption, and gene expression in blood.

Evolutionary genomic analyses of canine infections identify a relic capsular locus associated with resistance to multiple classes of antimicrobials.

Unlabelled: Infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant are the leading cause of death attributed to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) worldwide, and the known AMR mechanisms involve a range of functional proteins. Here, we employed a pan-genome wide association study (GWAS) approach on over 1,000 isolates from sick dogs collected across the US and Canada and identified a strong statistical association (empirical < 0.01) of AMR, involving a range of antibiotics to a group 1 capsular (CPS) gene cluster.

Survival strategies of aerobic methanotrophs under hypoxia in methanogenic lake sediments.

Background: Microbial methane oxidation, methanotrophy, plays a crucial role in mitigating the release of the potent greenhouse gas methane from aquatic systems. While aerobic methanotrophy is a well-established process in oxygen-rich environments, emerging evidence suggests their activity in hypoxic conditions. However, the adaptability of these methanotrophs to such environments has remained poorly understood.

School-Based Tele-Behavioral Health: A Scoping Review of the Literature.

Background: Telehealth utilization exploded during the COVID-19 pandemic, including within school-based health programs. School-based tele-behavioral health can help programs overcome barriers of access to care, but the current state and effectiveness of such programs are unknown.

Methods: A scoping literature review was conducted.

Circadian Regulation of Apolipoproteins in the Brain: Implications in Lipid Metabolism and Disease.

The circadian rhythm is a 24 h internal clock within the body that regulates various factors, including sleep, body temperature, and hormone secretion. Circadian rhythm disruption is an important risk factor for many diseases including neurodegenerative illnesses. The central and peripheral oscillators' circadian clock network controls the circadian rhythm in mammals.

Peering down the sink: A review of isoprene metabolism by bacteria.

Isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) is emitted to the atmosphere each year in sufficient quantities to rival methane (>500 Tg C yr ), primarily due to emission by trees and other plants. Chemical reactions of isoprene with other atmospheric compounds, such as hydroxyl radicals and inorganic nitrogen species (NO ), have implications for global warming and local air quality, respectively. For many years, it has been estimated that soil-dwelling bacteria consume a significant amount of isoprene (~20 Tg C yr ), but the mechanisms underlying the biological sink for isoprene have been poorly understood.

Cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular reactivity at rest and during sub-maximal exercise: effect of age and 12-week exercise training.

Chronic reductions in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 are risk factors for cerebrovascular disease. Higher aerobic fitness is associated with higher CBF at any age; however, whether CBF or reactivity can be elevated following an exercise training intervention in healthy individuals is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of exercise training on CBF and cerebrovascular reactivity at rest and during exercise in young and older individuals.

Effect of age on exercise-induced alterations in cognitive executive function: relationship to cerebral perfusion.

Regular exercise improves the age-related decline in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and is associated with improved cognitive function; however, less is known about the direct relationship between CBF and cognitive function. We examined the influence of healthy aging on the capability of acute exercise to improve cognition, and whether exercise-induced improvements in cognition are related to CBF and cortical hemodynamics. Middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (MCAv; Doppler) and cortical hemodynamics (NIRS) were measured in 13 young (24±5 y) and 9 older (62±3 y) participants at rest and during cycling at 30% and 70% of heart rate range (HRR).

Invasive knotweed affects native plants through allelopathy.

Premise Of Study: There is increasing evidence that many plant invaders interfere with native plants through allelopathy. This allelopathic interference may be a key mechanism of plant invasiveness. One of the most aggressive current plant invaders is the clonal knotweed hybrid Fallopia × bohemica, which often forms monocultures in its introduced range.

Early immunopathology events in simian retrovirus, type 2 infections prior to the onset of disease.

Immunopathology during early simian retrovirus type 2 (SRV-2) infection is poorly characterized. Here, viral dynamics, immune response and disease progression in transiently- or persistently-infected cynomolgus macaques are assessed. Viral nucleic acids were detected in selected lymphoid tissues of both persistently- and transiently-infected macaques, even after viral clearance from the periphery.

Syncope is unrelated to supine and postural hypotension following prolonged exercise.

Syncope is widely reported following prolonged exercise. It is often assumed that the magnitude of exercise-induced hypotension (post-exercise hypotension; PEH), and the hypotensive response to postural change (initial orthostatic hypotension; IOH) are predictors of syncope post-exercise. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between PEH, IOH, the residual IOH and syncope following prolonged exercise.

The mechanical effect of commercially pure titanium and polyetheretherketone rods on spinal implants at the operative and adjacent levels.

Study Design: Single-level cadaveric lumbar constructs were instrumented with either polyetheretherketone (PEEK) or commercially pure (CP) titanium (Ti) rods and biomechanically evaluated. Strain from gauged bone screws and interbody (IB) spacers, kinematic motion, and caudal disc pressure measurements were recorded during testing.

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the biomechanical differences in CP Ti rods and PEEK rods in conjunction with PEEK interbody spacers.

Cardiorespiratory and cerebrovascular responses to head-up tilt II: influence of age, training status and acute exercise.

The purpose of this study was to examine the combined cardiorespiratory and cerebrovascular responses to head-up tilt (HUT) in young and older trained and untrained humans following moderate-duration exercise. Middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (MCAv; transcranial Doppler ultrasound), blood pressure (BP; Finometer), and stroke volume (SV) were measured continuously whilst supine and during 60° HUT for 15 min or to pre-syncope in 41 participants [nine young trained; eleven young untrained; twelve older trained; nine older untrained] prior to and following 30 min of treadmill exercise at 70-80% maximal HR. Orthostatic tolerance was not reduced following exercise [Mean (all groups) 14:45 ± 1:19, vs.

Cardiorespiratory and cerebrovascular responses to head-up tilt I: influence of age and training status.

The purpose of this study was to examine the combined cardiorespiratory and cerebrovascular responses to head-up tilt (HUT) in young (27 ± 4 years) and older (65 ± 5 years) trained and untrained humans. Middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv; transcranial Doppler ultrasound), blood pressure (BP; Finometer) and cardiac output (Q) were measured continuously whilst supine and during 60° HUT for 15 min or to pre-syncope in 41 participants [nine young trained; eleven young untrained; twelve older trained; nine older untrained]. Thirty seven of forty one participants completed 15 min HUT, and orthostatic tolerance did not differ with age or fitness (P = 0.

Cardiovascular function and the veteran athlete.

The cardiovascular benefits of exercise are well known. In contrast, the impact of lifelong endurance exercise is less well understood. Long-term high-intensity endurance exercise is associated with changes in cardiac morphology together with electrocardiographic alterations that are believed to be physiologic in nature.

Exercise-induced wheeze: Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide-directed management.

Background And Objective: Exercise-induced wheeze (EIW) is common. Several treatment options exist. Patients with low fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (F(E)NO) are unlikely to be steroid-responsive and might benefit from non-steroidal therapies.

Influence of age on syncope following prolonged exercise: differential responses but similar orthostatic intolerance.

Orthostatic tolerance is reduced with increasing age and following prolonged exercise. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of age on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular responses to orthostatic stress following prolonged exercise. Measurements were obtained before, and within 45 min after, 4 h of continuous running at 70-80% of maximal heart rate in nine young (Y; 27 +/- 4 years; V(O(2)max)) 59 +/- 10 ml kg(1) min(1)) and twelve older (O; 65 +/- 5 years; V(O(2)max)) 46 +/- 8 ml kg(1) min(1)) athletes.

Low rates of transmission of SRV-2 and STLV-I to juveniles in a population of Macaca fascicularis facilitate establishment of specific retrovirus-free colonies.

Background: Prevalence of simian retrovirus-2 (SRV-2) and simian T lymphotropic virus type I (STLV-I), was unknown in 337 captive cynomolgus macaques.

Methods And Results: Molecular assays identified 29% of animals as SRV-2 mono-infected, 4% of animals as STLV-I mono-infected and 9% of animals as dual-infected. Of 108 juvenile animals, 83% were SRV-2-negative and no juvenile animal was STLV-I-positive.

The Mhc class II DRB genotype of Macaca fascicularis does not influence infection by simian retrovirus type 2.

Simian retrovirus type 2 (SRV-2) is a natural pathogen of Macaca fascicularis. Although SRV-2 may be endemic in macaque colonies, it is not necessarily detected in all individuals suggesting differential susceptibility to SRV-2; factors contributing to this susceptibility are not fully understood. We have investigated the role of host genetic origin on virus susceptibility.

The effects of age on the spontaneous low-frequency oscillations in cerebral and systemic cardiovascular dynamics.

Although the effects of ageing on cardiovascular control and particularly the response to orthostatic stress have been the subject of many studies, the interaction between the cardiovascular and cerebral regulation mechanisms is still not fully understood. Wavelet cross-correlation is used here to assess the coupling and synchronization between low-frequency oscillations (LFOs) observed in cerebral hemodynamics, as measured using cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) and cerebral oxygenation (O2Hb), and systemic cardiovascular dynamics, as measured using heart rate (HR) and arterial blood pressure (ABP), in both old and young healthy subjects undergoing head-up tilt table testing. Statistically significant increases in correlation values are found in the interaction of cerebral and cardiovascular LFOs for young subjects (P<0.

Elevation in cerebral blood flow velocity with aerobic fitness throughout healthy human ageing.

It is known that cerebral blood flow declines with age in sedentary adults, although previous studies have involved small sample sizes, making the exact estimate of decline imprecise and the effects of possible moderator variables unknown. Animal studies indicate that aerobic exercise can elevate cerebral blood flow; however, this possibility has not been examined in humans. We examined how regular aerobic exercise affects the age-related decline in blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery (MCAv) in healthy humans.

Human cerebral arteriovenous vasoactive exchange during alterations in arterial blood gases.

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is highly regulated by changes in arterial Pco(2) and arterial Po(2). Evidence from animal studies indicates that various vasoactive factors, including release of norepinephrine, endothelin, adrenomedullin, C-natriuretic peptide (CNP), and nitric oxide (NO), may play a role in arterial blood gas-induced alterations in CBF. For the first time, we directly quantified exchange of these vasoactive factors across the human brain.