Improving testicular examinations on paediatric patients in the emergency department: A quality improvement study to improve early diagnosis of testicular torsion.

Objective: Male paediatric patients presenting with abdominal and/or testicular pain are common in the emergency department. As a time-sensitive diagnosis, the importance of early recognition, referral, and definitive management is critical. Missed or delayed diagnoses and management of testicular torsion can result in significant long-term sequelae including impaired fertility and psychological burden.