Evaluations of an Early Change in Tumor Pathophysiology in Response to Radiotherapy with Oxygen Enhanced Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging (OE EPRI).

Purpose: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging (EPRI) can image the partial pressure of oxygen (pO) within in vivo tumor models. We sought to develop Oxygen Enhanced (OE) EPRI that measures tumor pO with breathing gases of 21% O (pO) and 100% O (pO), and the differences in pO between breathing gases (ΔpO). We applied OE EPRI to study the early change in tumor pathophysiology in response to radiotherapy in two tumor models of pancreatic cancer.

An observational study of international normalized ratio control according to NICE criteria in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: the SAIL Warfarin Out of Range Descriptors Study (SWORDS).

Aims: In patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation prescribed warfarin, the UK National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) defines poor anticoagulation as a time in therapeutic range (TTR) of <65%, any two international normalized ratios (INRs) within a 6-month period of ≤1.5 ('low'), two INRs ≥5 within 6 months, or any INR ≥8 ('high'). Our objectives were to (i) quantify the number of patients with poor INR control and (ii) describe the demographic and clinical characteristics associated with poor INR control.

Effects of a contoured foot orthosis and flat insole on plantar pressure and tibial acceleration while walking in defence boots.

This study investigated the effects of a contoured, prefabricated foot orthosis and a flat insole on plantar pressure and tibial acceleration while walking in defence boots. Twenty-eight adults walked along an 8-metre walkway in a: (i) defence boot (control condition), (ii) defence boot with a flat insole, and (iii) defence boot with a contoured foot orthosis. Plantar pressure data were collected using the pedar-X in-shoe system and tibial accelerations were measured with an accelerometer.

Risk factors for lower limb injuries during initial naval training: a prospective study.

Introduction: This study aimed to identify risk factors associated with the development of common lower limb injuries during initial defence training in naval recruits who were enrolled in a randomised trial.

Methods: Three-hundred and six naval recruits were randomly allocated flat insoles (n=153) or foot orthoses (n=153) while undertaking 11 weeks of initial training. Participant characteristics (including anthropometrics, general health, physical activity, fitness and foot characteristics) were collected at the baseline assessment and injuries were documented prospectively.

Foot posture is associated with plantar pressure during gait: A comparison of normal, planus and cavus feet.

Background: Variations in foot posture, such as pes planus (low medial longitudinal arch) or pes cavus (high medial longitudinal arch) are associated with some lower limb injuries. However, the mechanism that links foot posture to injury is not clear. Research question The aim of this study was to compare plantar pressure between healthy individuals with normal, planus or cavus feet.

Centre of pressure characteristics in normal, planus and cavus feet.

Background: The aim of this study was to compare centre of pressure (COP) characteristics between healthy adults with normal, planus or cavus feet who were allocated to groups based on reliable foot posture measurement techniques.

Methods: Ninety-two healthy adult participants (aged 18 to 45) were recruited and classified as either normal ( = 35), pes planus ( = 31) or pes cavus ( = 26) based on Foot Posture Index, Arch Index and normalised navicular height truncated measurements. Barefoot walking trials were conducted using an emed-x 400 plantar pressure system (Novel GmbH, Munich, Germany).

Effectiveness of foot orthoses for the prevention of lower limb overuse injuries in naval recruits: a randomised controlled trial.

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of prefabricated foot orthoses for the prevention of lower limb overuse injuries in naval recruits.

Methods: This study was a participant-blinded and assessor-blinded, parallel-group randomised controlled trial. Three-hundred and six participants aged 17-50 years who undertook 11 weeks of initial defence training at the Royal Australian Navy Recruit School (Cerberus, Australia) were randomised to a control group (flat insoles, n=153) or an intervention group (contoured, prefabricated foot orthoses, n=153).

Custom-made foot orthoses: an analysis of prescription characteristics from an Australian commercial orthotic laboratory.

Background: Foot orthoses are widely used in the prevention and treatment of foot disorders. The aim of this study was to describe characteristics of custom-made foot orthosis prescriptions from a Australian podiatric orthotic laboratory.

Methods: One thousand consecutive foot orthosis prescription forms were obtained from a commercial prescription foot orthosis laboratory located in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Footwork Podiatric Laboratory).

Effectiveness of foot orthoses and shock-absorbing insoles for the prevention of injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: To investigate the evidence relating to the effectiveness of foot orthoses and shock-absorbing insoles for the prevention of musculoskeletal injury.

Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Eligibility Criteria For Selecting Studies: Clinical trials evaluating the effectiveness of foot orthoses and shock-absorbing insoles for the prevention of injury.

Selective activation of lower leg muscles during maximum voluntary isometric contractions.

The pronators and supinators play a key role in the medio-lateral stability of the ankle joint complex (i.e. talo-crural and subtalar joints).

Are clinical measures of foot posture and mobility associated with foot kinematics when walking?

Background: There is uncertainty as to which foot posture measures are the most valid in terms of predicting kinematics of the foot. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations of clinical measures of static foot posture and mobility with foot kinematics during barefoot walking.

Method: Foot posture and mobility were measured in 97 healthy adults (46 males, 51 females; mean age 24.

Foot orthoses for the prevention of lower limb overuse injuries in naval recruits: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

Background: Foot orthoses are frequently used for the prevention of lower limb overuse injuries but evidence for their effectiveness is limited. The primary aim of this study is to determine if prefabricated foot orthoses reduce the incidence of lower limb overuse injuries in naval recruits undertaking 11 weeks of basic training.

Methods: This study is a participant and assessor blinded, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial.

Effectiveness of Shoe Stiffening Inserts for First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Osteoarthritis: A Proof-of-Concept Study.

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of shoe stiffening inserts to reduce pain in first metatarsophalangeal joint osteoarthritis.

Design: Thirty-one participants with first metatarsophalangeal joint osteoarthritis were prescribed shoe stiffening inserts and were evaluated at baseline and at 1 and 3 mos. The primary outcome measure was foot pain, assessed using the foot pain domain of the Foot Health Status Questionnaire (possible score ranges from 0 to 100).

Foot posture and function have only minor effects on knee function during barefoot walking in healthy individuals.

Background: Foot posture has been postulated as a risk factor for overuse injuries of the knee, however the link between foot posture and knee joint function is unclear. The aims of this study were to: (i) compare knee adduction moment and knee joint rotations between normal, planus and cavus foot posture groups, and (ii) to determine the relationship between rearfoot and midfoot joint rotations and knee adduction moment magnitude.

Methods: Rotation of the knee, rearfoot and midfoot was evaluated in 97 healthy adults that were classified as normal (n=37), cavus (n=30) or planus (n=30) for the Foot Posture Index, Arch Index and normalised navicular height.

Foot posture is associated with kinematics of the foot during gait: A comparison of normal, planus and cavus feet.

Variations in foot posture are associated with the development of some lower limb injuries. However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are unclear. The objective of this study was to compare foot kinematics between normal, pes cavus and pes planus foot posture groups using a multi-segment foot model.

Dynamic foot function as a risk factor for lower limb overuse injury: a systematic review.

Background: Dynamic foot function is considered a risk factor for lower limb overuse injuries including Achilles tendinopathy, shin pain, patellofemoral pain and stress fractures. However, no single source has systematically appraised and summarised the literature to evaluate this proposed relationship. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate dynamic foot function as a risk factor for lower limb overuse injury.

Foot posture as a risk factor for lower limb overuse injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Static measures of foot posture are regularly used as part of a clinical examination to determine the need for foot level interventions. This is based on the premise that pronated and supinated foot postures may be risk factors for or associated with lower limb injury. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigates foot posture (measured statically) as a potential risk factor for lower limb overuse injuries.

Electromyographic patterns of tibialis posterior and related muscles when walking at different speeds.

The effect of walking speed on superficial lower limb muscles, such as tibialis anterior and triceps surae, is well established. However, there are no published data available for tibialis posterior - a muscle that plays an important role in controlling foot motion. The purpose of this study was to characterise the electromyographic timing and amplitude of selected lower limb muscles across five walking speeds.

Gluteus minimus: an intramuscular EMG investigation of anterior and posterior segments during gait.

Gluteus minimus is believed to consist of two structurally and functionally unique segments (anterior and posterior); however there is a lack of electromyography (EMG) research that attempts to verify current theoretical knowledge of this muscle. The purpose of this study was therefore to evaluate the function of gluteus minimus during gait, and to determine whether anterior and posterior segments are functionally independent. Bipolar fine wire intramuscular EMG electrodes were inserted into anterior and posterior gluteus minimus segments of fifteen healthy volunteers (9 males) according to previously verified guidelines.

Gluteus medius: an intramuscular EMG investigation of anterior, middle and posterior segments during gait.

Previous electromyographic (EMG) studies of gluteus medius (GMed) have not accurately quantified the function of the three proposed structurally and functionally unique segments (anterior, middle and posterior). Therefore this study used anatomically verified locations for intramuscular electrode recordings in three segments of GMed to determine whether the segments are functionally independent. Bipolar fine wire electrodes were inserted into each segment of GMed in 15 healthy individuals.

The relationship between foot posture and lower limb kinematics during walking: A systematic review.

Variations in foot posture, such as pes planus (low-arched foot) or pes cavus (high-arched foot), are thought to be an intrinsic risk factor for injury due to altered motion of the lower extremity. Hence, the aim of this systematic review was to investigate the relationship between foot posture and lower limb kinematics during walking. A systematic database search of MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Embase and Inspec was undertaken in March 2012.

Foot posture is associated with morphometry of the peroneus longus muscle, tibialis anterior tendon, and Achilles tendon.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between foot type and the morphometry of selected muscles and tendons of the lower limb. Sixty-one healthy participants (31 male, 30 female; aged 27.1 ± 8.

The influence of footwear on the electromyographic activity of selected lower limb muscles during walking.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a standard flexible shoe and a stability running shoe on lower limb muscle activity during walking. Twenty-eight young asymptomatic adults with flat-arched feet were recruited. While walking, electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from tibialis posterior and peroneus longus via intramuscular electrodes; and from tibialis anterior and medial gastrocnemius via surface electrodes.

A comparison of augmented low-Dye taping and ankle bracing on lower limb muscle activity during walking in adults with flat-arched foot posture.

Objective: To compare the effect of taping and bracing on lower limb muscle activity during gait.

Design: Cross-sectional laboratory study.

Methods: Twenty-seven asymptomatic adults with flat-arched foot posture were recruited to this study.