Cyclodipeptide synthases (CDPSs) perform nonribosomal protein synthesis using two aminoacyl-tRNA substrates to produce cyclodipeptides. At present, there are no structural details of the CDPS:tRNA interaction available. Using AlbC, a CDPS that produces cyclo(l-Phe-l-Phe), the interaction between AlbC and its Phe-tRNA substrate was investigated.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCyclodipeptide synthases (CDPSs) use two aminoacyl-tRNAs (AA-tRNAs) to catalyse cyclodipeptide formation in a ping-pong mechanism. Despite intense studies of these enzymes in past years, the tRNA regions of the two substrates required for CDPS activity are poorly documented, mainly because of two limitations. First, previously studied CDPSs use two identical AA-tRNAs to produce homocyclodipeptides, thus preventing the discriminative study of the binding of the two substrates.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Cyclodipeptide oxidases (CDOs) are enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of 2,5-diketopiperazines, a class of naturally occurring compounds with a large range of pharmaceutical activities. CDOs belong to cyclodipeptide synthase (CDPS)-dependent pathways, in which they play an early role in the chemical diversification of cyclodipeptides by introducing Cα-Cβ dehydrogenations. Although the activities of more than 100 CDPSs have been determined, the activities of only a few CDOs have been characterized.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCyclodipeptide synthases (CDPSs) catalyze the synthesis of various cyclodipeptides by using two aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) substrates in a sequential mechanism. Here, we studied binding of phenylalanyl-tRNA to the CDPS from (-CDPS) by gel filtration and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. We determined the crystal structure of the -CDPS:Phe-tRNA complex to 5 Å resolution and further studied it in solution using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe 2,5-Diketopiperazines (DKPs) constitute a large family of natural products with important biological activities. Bicyclomycin is a clinically-relevant DKP antibiotic that is the first and only member in a class known to target the bacterial transcription termination factor Rho. It derives from cyclo-(L-isoleucyl-L-leucyl) and has an unusual and highly oxidized bicyclic structure that is formed by an ether bridge between the hydroxylated terminal carbon atom of the isoleucine lateral chain and the alpha carbon of the leucine in the diketopiperazine ring.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAn amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCovering: Up to mid-2019 Cyclodipeptide synthases (CDPSs) catalyse the formation of cyclodipeptides using aminoacylated-tRNA as substrates. The recent characterization of large sets of CDPSs has revealed that they can produce highly diverse products, and therefore have great potential for use in the production of different 2,5-diketopiperazines (2,5-DKPs). Sequence similarity networks (SSNs) are presented as a new, efficient way of classifying CDPSs by specificity and identifying new CDPS likely to display novel specificities.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPrenylated indole diketopiperazine (DKP) alkaloids are important bioactive molecules or their precursors. In the context of synthetic biology, efficient means for their biological production would increase their chemical diversification and the discovery of novel bioactive compounds. Here, we prove the suitability of the Escherichia coli chassis for the production of prenylated indole DKP alkaloids.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCyclodipeptide synthases (CDPSs) form various cyclodipeptides from two aminoacyl tRNAs via a stepwise mechanism with the formation of a dipeptidyl enzyme intermediate. As a final step of the catalytic reaction, the dipeptidyl group undergoes intramolecular cyclization to generate the target cyclodipeptide product. In this work, we investigated the cyclization reaction in the cyclodipeptide synthase AlbC using QM/MM methods and free energy simulations.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCyclodipeptide synthases (CDPSs) use two aminoacyl-tRNAs to catalyze the formation of two peptide bonds leading to cyclodipeptides that can be further used for the synthesis of diketopiperazines. It was shown that CDPSs fall into two subfamilies, NYH and XYP, characterized by the presence of specific sequence signatures. However, current understanding of CDPSs only comes from studies of enzymes from the NYH subfamily.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCyclodipeptide synthases (CDPSs) use as substrates two amino acids activated as aminoacyl-tRNAs to synthesize cyclodipeptides in secondary metabolites biosynthetic pathways. Since the first description of a CDPS in 2002, the number of putative CDPSs in databases has increased exponentially, reaching around 800 in June 2017. They are likely to be involved in numerous biosynthetic pathways but the diversity of their products is still under-explored.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe manipulation of natural product biosynthetic pathways is a powerful means of expanding the chemical diversity of bioactive molecules. 2,5-diketopiperazines (2,5-DKPs) have been widely developed by medicinal chemists, but their biological production is yet to be exploited. We introduce an in vivo method for incorporating non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) into 2,5-DKPs using cyclodipeptide synthases (CDPSs), the enzymes responsible for scaffold assembly in many 2,5-DKP biosynthetic pathways.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAminoacyl-tRNAs were long thought to be involved solely in ribosome-dependent protein synthesis and essential primary metabolism processes, such as targeted protein degradation and peptidoglycan synthesis. About 10 years ago, an aminoacyl-tRNA-dependent enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the antibiotic valanimycin was discovered in a Streptomyces strain. Far from being an isolated case, this discovery has been followed by the description of an increasing number of aminoacyl-tRNA-dependent enzymes involved in secondary metabolism.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCyclodipeptide synthases (CDPSs) constitute a family of peptide bond-forming enzymes that use aminoacyl-tRNAs for the synthesis of cyclodipeptides. Here, we describe the activity of 41 new CDPSs. We also show that CDPSs can be classified into two main phylogenetically distinct subfamilies characterized by specific functional subsequence signatures, named NYH and XYP.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCyclodipeptide synthases form cyclodipeptides from two aminoacyl transfer RNAs. They use a ping-pong mechanism that begins with transfer of the aminoacyl moiety of the first aminoacyl tRNA onto a conserved serine, yielding an aminoacyl enzyme. Combining X-ray crystallography, site-directed mutagenesis and affinity labelling of the cyclodipeptide synthase AlbC, we demonstrate that the covalent intermediate reacts with the aminoacyl moiety of the second aminoacyl tRNA, forming a dipeptidyl enzyme, and identify the aminoacyl-binding sites of the aminoacyl tRNAs.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCyclodipeptide synthases (CDPSs) use two aminoacyl-tRNA substrates in a sequential ping-pong mechanism to form a cyclodipeptide. The crystal structures of three CDPSs have been determined and all show a Rossmann-fold domain similar to the catalytic domain of class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs). Structural features and mutational analyses however suggest that CDPSs and aaRSs interact differently with their tRNA substrates.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCytochrome P450 CYP121 is essential for the viability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Studies in vitro show that it can use the cyclodipeptide cyclo(l-Tyr-l-Tyr) (cYY) as a substrate. We report an investigation of the substrate and reaction specificities of CYP121 involving analysis of the interaction between CYP121 and 14 cYY analogues with various modifications of the side chains or the diketopiperazine (DKP) ring.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMicrob Cell Fact
April 2013
Background: Disulfide-rich proteins or DRPs are versatile bioactive compounds that encompass a wide variety of pharmacological, therapeutic, and/or biotechnological applications. Still, the production of DRPs in sufficient quantities is a major bottleneck for their complete structural or functional characterization. Recombinant expression of such small proteins containing multiple disulfide bonds in the bacteria E.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMismatch-repair factors have a prominent role in surveying eukaryotic DNA-replication fidelity and in ensuring correct meiotic recombination. These functions depend on MutL-homolog heterodimers with Mlh1. In humans, MLH1 mutations underlie half of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancers (HNPCCs).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWe review here work on the biosynthesis of diketopiperazines (DKPs), a large class of natural products with noteworthy biological activities, focusing on the biosynthetic pathways involving cyclodipeptide synthases (CDPSs), a newly defined family of enzymes. Distinct from nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), the other family of enzymes synthesizing DKPs, CDPSs bridge the primary and secondary metabolic pathways by hijacking aminoacyl-tRNAs to produce DKPs. This review includes a comprehensive description of the state of the art for CDPS-dependent pathways, and highlights the ways in which this knowledge could be used to increase the diversity of natural DKPs by pathway engineering.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCyclodipeptide synthases (CDPSs) are small enzymes structurally related to class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs). They divert aminoacylated tRNAs from their canonical role in ribosomal protein synthesis, for cyclodipeptide formation. All the CDPSs experimentally characterized to date are bacterial.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCyclodipeptide synthases (CDPSs) belong to a newly defined family of enzymes that use aminoacyl-tRNAs (aa-tRNAs) as substrates to synthesize the two peptide bonds of various cyclodipeptides, which are the precursors of many natural products with noteworthy biological activities. Here, we describe the crystal structure of AlbC, a CDPS from Streptomyces noursei. The AlbC structure consists of a monomer containing a Rossmann-fold domain.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCyclodipeptides and their derivatives belong to the diketopiperazine (DKP) family, which is comprised of a broad array of natural products that exhibit useful biological properties. In the few known DKP biosynthetic pathways, nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are involved in the synthesis of cyclodipeptides that constitute the DKP scaffold, except in the albonoursin (1) pathway. Albonoursin, or cyclo(alpha,beta-dehydroPhe-alpha,beta-dehydroLeu), is an antibacterial DKP produced by Streptomyces noursei.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe gene encoding the cytochrome P450 CYP121 is essential for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, the CYP121 catalytic activity remains unknown. Here, we show that the cyclodipeptide cyclo(l-Tyr-l-Tyr) (cYY) binds to CYP121, and is efficiently converted into a single major product in a CYP121 activity assay containing spinach ferredoxin and ferredoxin reductase.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCongocidine (netropsin) is a pyrrole-amide (oligopyrrole, oligopeptide) antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. We have identified, in the right terminal region of the S. ambofaciens chromosome, the gene cluster that directs congocidine biosynthesis.
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