The genetics of adaptation in freshwater Eurasian shad ().

Studying the genetics of phenotypic convergence can yield important insights into adaptive evolution. Here, we conducted a comparative genomic study of four lineages (species and subspecies) of anadromous shad () that have independently evolved life cycles entirely completed in freshwater. Three naturally diverged (.

Efficacy of Various Laser Wavelengths in the Surgical Treatment of Ankyloglossia: A Systematic Review.

Ankyloglossia, commonly known as tongue-tie, is the most common disorder of tongue morphology characterized by aberrant attachment of the lingual frenum. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive literature review and evaluate the effectiveness of various laser wavelengths in the surgical treatment of patients with ankyloglossia. An electronic screening of PubMed and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases was conducted on 8 November 2021.

Striatal NOS1 has dimorphic expression and activity under stress and nicotine sensitization.

Nicotine exerts its addictive influence through the meso-cortico-limbic reward system, where the striatum is essential. Nicotine addiction involves different neurotransmitters, nitric oxide (NO) being especially important, since it triggers the release of the others by positive feedback. In the nervous system, NO is mainly produced by nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1).

Final results of a phase II study of paclitaxel, bevacizumab, and gemcitabine as first-line therapy for patients with HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer.

Background: Efficacy and safety data for combining bevacizumab, gemcitabine, and paclitaxel for locally advanced/metastatic breast cancer are limited.

Patients And Methods: AVALUZ trial evaluates the combination of bevacizumab 10 mg/kg, gemcitabine 2,000 mg/m(2) plus paclitaxel 150 mg/m(2), on days 1 and 15 of each 28-day course in previously untreated HER-2 negative patients.

Results: Median progression-free survival (PES): 12.

Bone turnover markers as predictive indicators of outcome in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases treated with bisphosphonates: results from a 2-year multicentre observational study (ZOMAR study).

Background: We evaluated the evolution and predictive value of bone turnover markers (BTMs) and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) with respect to mortality, disease progression (DP) and skeletal-related events (SREs), in patients with bone metastatic breast cancer (BmBCa). The correlation between BTMs and CTCs was also studied.

Methods: In a 2-year observational, multicenter study, the levels of three BTMs (N- and C-terminal telopeptides of collagen I [NTX and αα-CTX], and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase [BSAP]) and CTCs were analyzed every three months.

Biochemical markers of bone turnover and clinical outcome in patients with renal cell and bladder carcinoma with bone metastases following treatment with zoledronic acid: The TUGAMO study.

Background: Levels of bone turnover markers (BTM) might be correlated with outcome in terms of skeletal-related events (SRE), disease progression, and death in patients with bladder cancer (BC) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with bone metastases (BM). We try to evaluate this possible correlation in patients who receive treatment with zoledronic acid (ZOL).

Methods: This observational, prospective, and multicenter study analysed BTM and clinical outcome in these patients.

Usefulness of bone turnover markers as predictors of mortality risk, disease progression and skeletal-related events appearance in patients with prostate cancer with bone metastases following treatment with zoledronic acid: TUGAMO study.

Background: Owing to the limited validity of clinical data on the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) and bone metastases, biochemical markers are a promising tool for predicting survival, disease progression and skeletal-related events (SREs) in these patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive capacity of biochemical markers of bone turnover for mortality risk, disease progression and SREs in patients with PCa and bone metastases undergoing treatment with zoledronic acid (ZA).

Methods: This was an observational, prospective and multicenter study in which ninety-eight patients were included.

A randomized phase II study to compare oxaliplatin plus 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin (FOLFOX4) versus oxaliplatin plus raltitrexed (TOMOX) as first-line chemotherapy for advanced colorectal cancer.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare TOMOX versus FOLFOX4 as first-line treatment of advanced colorectal cancer (CRC).

Materials And Methods: 191 chemotherapy-naïve patients were randomized to receive TOMOX or FOLFOX4. Patients were evaluated every 3 months and chemotherapy was continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

Types of cholecystokinin-containing periglomerular cells in the mouse olfactory bulb.

The periglomerular cells (PG) of the olfactory bulb (OB) are involved in the primary processing and the refinement of sensory information from the olfactory epithelium. The neurochemical composition of these neurons has been studied in depth in many species, and over the last decades such studies have focused mainly on the rat. The increasing use of genetic models for research into olfactory function demands a profound characterization of the mouse olfactory bulb, including the chemical composition of bulbar interneurons.

Molecular predictors of efficacy of adjuvant weekly paclitaxel in early breast cancer.

Unlabelled: Treatment with fluororacil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide followed by weekly paclitaxel (FEC-P) yielded superior disease-free survival than FEC in the adjuvant breast cancer trial GEICAM 9906. We evaluate molecular subtypes predictive of prognosis and paclitaxel response in this trial. Two molecular subtype classifications based on conventional immunohistochemical and fluorescent in situ hybridization determinations were used: #1: Four groups segregated according to the combination of hormone receptor (HR) and HER2 status; #2: Intrinsic subtype classification (Triple Negative (TN), HER2, Luminal B and Luminal A).

Chemical characterization of Pax6-immunoreactive periglomerular neurons in the mouse olfactory bulb.

The Pax6 transcription factor is a key element along brain development in both the visual and olfactory systems. The involvement of Pax6 in neural fate is well documented in the visual system, whereas in the olfactory system, and in particular in the olfactory bulb (OB), its expression during adulthood has only begun to be elucidated. In the OB, the modulation of primary sensory information is first performed by periglomerular cells (PG).

Distribution of neurocalcin-containing neurons reveals sexual dimorphism in the mouse olfactory bulb.

Olfactory sexual dimorphism has mainly been described in the vomeronasal system, in relation to reproductive behavior, while evidence of sexual dimorphism in the main olfactory bulb (OB) remains scarce. There are no data indicating sex-related differences in the neurochemistry of intrinsic olfactory elements. Neurocalcin (NC) is a calcium-binding protein that is expressed in specific neuronal populations of the central nervous system.

Changes in cell migration and survival in the olfactory bulb of the pcd/pcd mouse.

Postnatally, the Purkinje cell degeneration mutant mice lose the main projecting neurons of the main olfactory bulb (OB): mitral cells (MC). In adult animals, progenitor cells from the rostral migratory stream (RMS) differentiate into bulbar interneurons that modulate MC activity. In the present work, we studied changes in proliferation, tangential migration, radial migration patterns, and the survival of these newly generated neurons in this neurodegeneration animal model.

Sex differences in catechol contents in the olfactory bulb of control and unilaterally deprived rats.

The dopaminergic system plays important roles in the modulation of olfactory transmission. The present study examines the distribution of dopaminergic cells and the content of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites in control and deprived olfactory bulbs (OB), focusing on the differences between sexes. The content of DA and of its metabolites, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA), were measured by HPLC.

Proliferation markers in the adult rodent brain: bromodeoxyuridine and proliferating cell nuclear antigen.

The rostral migratory stream is one of the few regions of the adult mammalian central nervous system in which cellular migration and proliferation have been described. Most rostral migratory stream cells divide rapidly and hence different proliferation markers have been employed to identify them. Nitrogen base substitutes, such as tritiated thymidine or 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), together with endogenous molecules, such as Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA), are the cell cycle markers most widely employed.

Sequential mitoxantrone/prednisone followed by docetaxel/estramustine in patients with hormone refractory metastatic prostate cancer: results of a phase II study.

Background: Mitoxantrone/prednisone ameliorates symptoms in hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) but has no effect on survival. Docetaxel (Taxotere)/estramustine improves response but with significant toxicity. We reasoned that a sequential administration of the two regimens could be a viable alternative for delivering full doses of chemotherapy, avoiding overlapping toxicity and preserving dose intensity.

Phase II study of capecitabine in combination with paclitaxel in patients with anthracycline-pretreated advanced/metastatic breast cancer.

The addition of oral capecitabine to docetaxel improves response rate, time to progression (TTP) and overall survival in anthracycline-pretreated metastatic breast cancer (MBC). This phase II study evaluates the efficacy and safety of a 21-day cycle of oral capecitabine (1000 mg m(-2) twice daily, days 1-14) plus i.v.

Prognostic value of the quantitative measurement of the oncoprotein p185(Her-2/neu) in a group of patients with breast cancer and positive node involvement.

Our study attempts to determine the prognostic value of the quantitative measurement of the oncoprotein p185(Her-2/neu) in a group of patients with breast cancer and positive node involvement. In a series of 217 patients with breast cancer and positive nodes in whom the oncoprotein p185 was quantitatively determined by ELISA, we analyzed the clinico-pathological variables including age, menopausal status, tumor size, number of affected nodes, type and histology grade and the molecular variables such as the oestrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR, respectively), pS2 and Cathepsin D (CD). Using 260 fmol/mg protein as a cut-off point, 18% of the tumors presented as overexpressing p185.

Induction chemotherapy with carboplatin and ftorafur in advanced head and neck cancer. A randomized study.

From 1987 to 1989, 42 patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (Stages III-IV, Mo) were randomized to receive radiotherapy (Group A) or three courses of induction chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy (Group B). There were 36 evaluable patients, 17 in Group A and 19 in Group B. The radiotherapy regimen was the same for both groups, 66-74 Gy total tumor doses with standard fractionation scheme of 2 Gy/day.