Quantitative Proteomics Analysis of ABA- and GA-Treated Malbec Berries Reveals Insights into HO Scavenging and Anthocyanin Dynamics.

Abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) are regulators of fruit color and sugar levels, and the application of these hormones is a common practice in commercial vineyards dedicated to the production of table grapes. However, the effects of exogenous ABA and GA on wine cultivars remain unclear. We investigated the impact of ABA and GA application on Malbec grapevine berries across three developmental stages.

Hysteresis in PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 4 and EARLY-FLOWERING 3 dynamics dominates warm daytime memory in Arabidopsis.

Despite the identification of temperature sensors and downstream components involved in promoting stem growth by warm temperatures, when and how previous temperatures affect current plant growth remain unclear. Here we show that hypocotyl growth in Arabidopsis thaliana during the night responds not only to the current temperature but also to preceding daytime temperatures, revealing a short-term memory of previous conditions. Daytime temperature affected the levels of PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4) and LONG HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) in the nucleus during the next night.

Non-structural carbohydrates and sugar export in grapevine leaves exposed to different light regimes.

Light is a main environmental factor that determines leaf microclimate within the vine, as well as its photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism. This study aimed to examine the relationships between photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and the expression of related genes in leaves of grapevine grown under different radiation regimes. During the 2014/2015 growing season, an experiment was conducted on a Malbec vineyard (Vitis vinifera L.

Phytochrome B and PCH1 protein dynamics store night temperature information.

Plants experience temperature fluctuations during the course of the daily cycle, and although stem growth responds rapidly to these changes we largely ignore whether there is a short-term memory of previous conditions. Here we show that nighttime temperatures affect the growth of the hypocotyl of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings not only during the night but also during the subsequent photoperiod. Active phytochrome B (phyB) represses nighttime growth and warm temperatures reduce active phyB via thermal reversion.

ABA and GA regulate the synthesis of primary and secondary metabolites related to alleviation from biotic and abiotic stresses in grapevine.

Plants are able to synthesize a large number of organic compounds. Among them, primary metabolites are known to participate in plant growth and development, whereas secondary metabolites are mostly involved in defense and other facultative processes. In grapevine, one of the major fruit crops in the world, secondary metabolites, mainly polyphenols, are of great interest for the wine industry.

Residential mobility and risk of major depressive episode among adolescents in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health.

Background: Prior research identified associations between residential moves during adolescence and depression, but studies used small or nonrepresentative samples. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between residential moves and major depressive episode (MDE) in a large, nationally representative sample of adolescents in the USA.

Methods: This study analyzed data on 139 606 adolescents (12-17 years old) from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, an annual cross-sectional survey from 2005 to 2012.

ABA and GA3 increase carbon allocation in different organs of grapevine plants by inducing accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates in leaves, enhancement of phloem area and expression of sugar transporters.

Grape quality for winemaking depends on sugar accumulation and metabolism in berries. Abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellins (GAs) have been reported to control sugar allocation in economically important crops, although the mechanisms involved are still unknown. The present study tested if ABA and gibberellin A3 (GA3) enhance carbon allocation in fruits of grapevines by modifying phloem loading, phloem area and expression of sugar transporters in leaves and berries.

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 2 contributes to neuroinflammation and neurological dysfunction in mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Background: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of multiple sclerosis characterized by entry of activated T cells and antigen presenting cells into the central nervous system and subsequent autoimmune destruction of nerve myelin. Previous studies revealed that non-selective inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) 1 and 2 protect against neuroinflammation and motor dysfunction associated with EAE, but the role of the PARP-2 isoform has not yet been investigated selectively.

Results: EAE was induced in mice lacking PARP-2, and neurological EAE signs, blood-spine barrier (BSB) permeability, demyelination and inflammatory infiltration were monitored for 35 days after immunization.

XRCC1 interacts with the p58 subunit of DNA Pol alpha-primase and may coordinate DNA repair and replication during S phase.

Repair of single-stranded DNA breaks before DNA replication is critical in maintaining genomic stability; however, how cells deal with these lesions during S phase is not clear. Using combined approaches of proteomics and in vitro and in vivo protein-protein interaction, we identified the p58 subunit of DNA Pol alpha-primase as a new binding partner of XRCC1, a key protein of the single strand break repair (SSBR) complex. In vitro experiments reveal that the binding of poly(ADP-ribose) to p58 inhibits primase activity by competition with its DNA binding property.

PARP-1 is involved in autophagy induced by DNA damage.

Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent degradative pathway frequently activated in tumor cells treated with chemotherapy or radiation. PARP-1 has been implicated in different pathways leading to cell death and its inhibition potentiates chemotherapy-induced cell death. Whether PARP-1 participates in the cell's decision to commit to autophagy following DNA damage is still not known.

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-2 [corrected] controls adipocyte differentiation and adipose tissue function through the regulation of the activity of the retinoid X receptor/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma [corrected] heterodimer.

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma, NR1C3) in complex with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) plays a central role in white adipose tissue (WAT) differentiation and function, regulating the expression of key WAT proteins. In this report we show that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-2 (PARP-2), also known as an enzyme participating in the surveillance of the genome integrity, is a member of the PPARgamma/RXR transcription machinery. PARP-2(-/-) mice accumulate less WAT, characterized by smaller adipocytes.

The effects of culture on WASI test performance in ethnically diverse individuals.

The objective of this study was to examine differences between fluent English-speaking ethnically diverse (ED) individuals (from Hispanic, Asian, and Middle-Eastern descent) and monolingual English-speaking Anglo-Americans (MEAA) on the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI). A sample of 86 (50 ED and 36 MEAA) healthy individuals participated. The results revealed that the MEAA group outperformed the ED group on the verbal (i.

Interaction between ATM and PARP-1 in response to DNA damage and sensitization of ATM deficient cells through PARP inhibition.

ATM and PARP-1 are two of the most important players in the cell's response to DNA damage. PARP-1 and ATM recognize and bound to both single and double strand DNA breaks in response to different triggers. Here we report that ATM and PARP-1 form a molecular complex in vivo in undamaged cells and this association increases after gamma-irradiation.

A novel form of ataxia oculomotor apraxia characterized by oxidative stress and apoptosis resistance.

Several different autosomal recessive genetic disorders characterized by ataxia with oculomotor apraxia (AOA) have been identified with the unifying feature of defective DNA damage recognition and/or repair. We describe here the characterization of a novel form of AOA showing increased sensitivity to agents that cause single-strand breaks (SSBs) in DNA but having no gross defect in the repair of these breaks. Evidence for the presence of residual SSBs in DNA was provided by dramatically increased levels of poly (ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP-1) auto-poly (ADP-ribosyl)ation, the detection of increased levels of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and oxidative damage to DNA in the patient cells.

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-2 contributes to the fidelity of male meiosis I and spermiogenesis.

Besides the established central role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (Parp-1) and Parp-2 in the maintenance of genomic integrity, accumulating evidence indicates that poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation may modulate epigenetic modifications under physiological conditions. Here, we provide in vivo evidence for the pleiotropic involvement of Parp-2 in both meiotic and postmeiotic processes. We show that Parp-2-deficient mice exhibit severely impaired spermatogenesis, with a defect in prophase of meiosis I characterized by massive apoptosis at pachytene and metaphase I stages.

PARP-2 deficiency affects the survival of CD4+CD8+ double-positive thymocytes.

Poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase-2 (PARP-2) belongs to a large family of enzymes that synthesize and transfer ADP-ribose polymers to acceptor proteins, modifying their functional properties. PARP-2-deficient (Parp-2-/-) cells, similar to Parp-1-/- cells, are sensitive to both ionizing radiation and alkylating agents. Here we show that inactivation of mouse Parp-2, but not Parp-1, produced a two-fold reduction in CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) thymocytes associated with decreased DP cell survival.

Poly(ADP-ribose): novel functions for an old molecule.

The addition to proteins of the negatively charged polymer of ADP-ribose (PAR), which is synthesized by PAR polymerases (PARPs) from NAD(+), is a unique post-translational modification. It regulates not only cell survival and cell-death programmes, but also an increasing number of other biological functions with which novel members of the PARP family have been associated. These functions include transcriptional regulation, telomere cohesion and mitotic spindle formation during cell division, intracellular trafficking and energy metabolism.

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 activation during DNA damage and repair.

Changes in chromatin structure emanating from DNA breaks are among the most initiating events in the damage response of the cell. In higher eukaryotes, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) translates the occurrence of DNA breaks detected by its zinc-finger domain into a signal, poly ADP-ribose, synthesized and amplified by its DNA-damage dependent catalytic domain. This epigenetic mark on chromatin, induced by DNA discontinuities, is now considered as a part of a survival program aimed at protecting primarily chromatin integrity and stability.

Control of AIF-mediated cell death by the functional interplay of SIRT1 and PARP-1 in response to DNA damage.

Cell survival after genotoxic stress is determined by a counterbalance of pro- and anti-death factors. Sirtuins (SIRTs) are deacetylases that promote cell survival whereas poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) can act both as survival and death inducing factor and the two protein families are strictly dependent on NAD(+) for their activities. Here we report that SIRT1 modulates PARP-1 activity upon DNA damage.

Parp-1 protects homologous recombination from interference by Ku and Ligase IV in vertebrate cells.

Parp-1 and Parp-2 are activated by DNA breaks and have been implicated in the repair of DNA single-strand breaks (SSB). Their involvement in double-strand break (DSB) repair mediated by homologous recombination (HR) or nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) remains unclear. We addressed this question using chicken DT40 cells, which have the advantage of carrying only a PARP-1 gene but not a PARP-2 gene.

XRCC1 is phosphorylated by DNA-dependent protein kinase in response to DNA damage.

The two BRCT domains (BRCT1 and BRCT2) of XRCC1 mediate a network of protein-protein interactions with several key factors of the DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs) and base damage repair pathways. BRCT1 is required for the immediate poly(ADP-ribose)-dependent recruitment of XRCC1 to DNA breaks and is essential for survival after DNA damage. To better understand the biological role of XRCC1 in the processing of DNA ends, a search for the BRCT1 domain-associated proteins was performed by mass spectrometry of GST-BRCT1 pulled-down proteins from HeLa cell extracts.

DNA-induced dimerization of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 triggers its activation.

In response to DNA strand breaks in the genome of higher eukaryotes, poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase 1 (PARP-1) catalyses the covalent attachment of ADP-ribose units from NAD(+) to various nuclear acceptor proteins including PARP-1 itself. This post-translational modification affecting proteins involved in chromatin architecture and in DNA repair plays a critical role in cell survival as well as in caspase-independent cell death. Although PARP-1 has been best-studied for its role in genome stability, several recent reports have demonstrated its role in the regulation of transcription.

Inhibition of Aurora-B kinase activity by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in response to DNA damage.

The cell cycle-regulated Aurora-B kinase is a chromosomal passenger protein that is implicated in fundamental mitotic events, including chromosome alignment and segregation and spindle checkpoint function. Aurora-B phosphorylates serine 10 of histone H3, a function that has been associated with mitotic chromatin condensation. We find that activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) 1 by DNA damage results in a rapid block of H3 phosphorylation.