Symptomatic jugular venous reflux with dilatation of the superior ophthalmic vein mimicking cavernous dural arteriovenous fistula.

We report a case of symptomatic jugular venous reflux (JVR) with dilatation of left superior ophthalmic vein (SOV), mimicking cavernous dural arteriovenous fistula (AVF). Severe JVR was caused by an AVFfor hemodialysis access and the narrowing of the left brachiocephalic vein. In-flow signals were found from the left internal jugular vein to left SOV on magnetic resonance angiography, and T1-weighted image and T2-weighted images demonstrated flow voids in bilateral sigmoid sinuses and confluence of sinuses due to rapid retrograde venous flow.

Co-morbidity of progressive supranuclear palsy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a clinical-pathological case report.

Background: The coexistence of distinct neurodegenerative diseases in single cases has recently attracted greater attention. The phenotypic co-occurrence of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been documented in several cases. That said, the clinicopathological comorbidity of these two diseases has not been demonstrated.

Identifying patients with neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease in Singapore using characteristic diffusion-weighted MR images.

Purpose: Adult-onset neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder described mainly in the Japanese population, with characteristic DWI abnormalities at the junction between gray and white matter. We identify possible cases of NIID in the picture archive and communication system (PACS) of a tertiary neurological referral hospital in Singapore and describe their radiological features.

Methods: The neuroradiology imaging database was reviewed using keyword search of radiological reports to identify patients who had "subcortical U fibre" abnormalities on DWI.

Particle therapy for prostate cancer: The past, present and future.

Although prostate cancer control using radiotherapy is dose-dependent, dose-volume effects on late toxicities in organs at risk, such as the rectum and bladder, have been observed. Both protons and carbon ions offer advantageous physical properties for radiotherapy, and create favorable dose distributions using fewer portals compared with photon-based radiotherapy. Thus, particle beam therapy using protons and carbon ions theoretically seems suitable for dose escalation and reduced risk of toxicity.

Humanization of the entire murine gene provides a murine model of pathological human tau propagation.

In cortical regions of brains from individuals with preclinical or clinical Alzheimer's disease (AD), extracellular β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition precedes the aggregation of pathological intracellular tau (the product of the gene microtubule-associated protein tau ()). To our knowledge, current mouse models of tauopathy reconstitute tau pathology by overexpressing mutant human tau protein. Here, through a homologous recombination approach that replaced the entire murine gene with the human ortholog, we developed knock-in mice with humanized to create an platform for studying human tauopathy.

Ectopic Expression Induces Abnormal Somatodendritic Distribution of Tau in the Mouse Brain.

Tau is a microtubule (MT)-associated protein that is localized to the axon. In Alzheimer's disease, the distribution of tau undergoes a remarkable alteration, leading to the formation of tau inclusions in the somatodendritic compartment. To investigate how this mislocalization occurs, we recently developed immunohistochemical tools that can separately detect endogenous mouse and exogenous human tau with high sensitivity, which allows us to visualize not only the pathological but also the pre-aggregated tau in mouse brain tissues of both sexes.

Attenuation behavior of thermoacoustic combustion instability analyzed by a complex-network- and synchronization-based approach.

We conduct an experimental study of the attenuation behavior of thermoacoustic combustion instability from the viewpoints of complex networks and synchronization. The spatiotemporally phase-synchronized state between the vertexes in weighted networks near an injector rim is notably degenerated as thermoacoustic combustion instability is suppressed by a steady air jet issued from the injector rim. The synchronization index clearly captures the attenuation of the mutual coupling between pressure and heat release rate fluctuations.

Transcatheter arterial embolization for relapsed spinal metastatic paraganglioma: A case report.

Spinal metastasis is a rare presentation of paraganglioma and an effective therapy for nonresectable spinal metastatic paraganglioma (MPG) has not yet been established. We report the case of a 42-year-old woman with metastatic spinal cord compression caused by a relapsed spinal MPG after decompressive surgery. We performed transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) in addition to systemic chemotherapy.

Tau isoform expression and phosphorylation in marmoset brains.

Tau is a microtubule-associated protein expressed in neuronal axons. Hyperphosphorylated tau is a major component of neurofibrillary tangles, a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates are also found in many neurodegenerative diseases, collectively referred to as "tauopathies," and tau mutations are associated with familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD).

Activation of microglia and macrophages in the circumventricular organs of the mouse brain during TLR2-induced fever and sickness responses.

Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) recognizes cell wall components from Gram-positive bacteria. Until now, however, little has been known about the significance of brain TLR2 in controlling inflammation and thermoregulatory responses during systemic Gram-positive bacterial infection. In the present study, the TLR2 immunoreactivity was seen to be prominent in the microglia/macrophages of the circumventricular organs (CVOs) of the mouse brain.

Acute Liver Failure Associated with Influenza A Virus Infection: an Autopsy Case Report.

An 84-year-old man with chronic renal failure, anemia, and diabetes was admitted for hemodialysis initiation. His vital signs were stable until the eighteenth hospital day, before acquiring an influenza A virus infection. Three days later, he died of septic shock with severe liver impairment.

Altered immunoreactivity of ErbB4, a causative gene product for ALS19, in the spinal cord of patients with sporadic ALS.

ErbB4 is the protein implicated in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), designated as ALS19. ErbB4 is a receptor tyrosine kinase activated by its ligands, neuregulins (NRG), and plays an essential role in the function and viability of motor neurons. Mutations in the ALS19 gene lead to the reduced autophosphorylation capacity of the ErbB4 protein upon stimulation with NRG-1, suggesting that the disruption of the NRG-ErbB4 pathway causes motor neuron degeneration.

Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE): consensus working group report.

We describe a recently recognized disease entity, limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE). LATE neuropathological change (LATE-NC) is defined by a stereotypical TDP-43 proteinopathy in older adults, with or without coexisting hippocampal sclerosis pathology. LATE-NC is a common TDP-43 proteinopathy, associated with an amnestic dementia syndrome that mimicked Alzheimer's-type dementia in retrospective autopsy studies.

Predictors of Robotic Versus Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Repair.

Background: The advent of robotic-assisted surgery has added an additional decision point in the treatment of inguinal hernias. The goal of this study was to identify the patient, surgeon, and hospital demographic predictors of robotic inguinal hernia repair (IHR).

Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 102,241 IHRs (1096 robotic and 101,145 laparoscopic) from 2010 through 2015 with data collected in the Premier Hospital Database.

Monoamine Oxidase B Binding of 18F-THK5351 to Visualize Glioblastoma and Associated Gliosis: An Autopsy-Confirmed Case.

An 86-year-old woman with cognitive impairment and left hemiparesis underwent F-THK5351 PET 4 months before her death. In addition to "normal" off-target binding in the basal ganglia, abnormal accumulation was observed along the pyramidal tract and around the right basal ganglia as ring-shaped uptake that overlapped a gadolinium-enhanced lesion. Postmortem pathological examination revealed that she had glioblastoma multiforme with associated gliosis, in which monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) activity is increased.

A Simple and Easy Method of Monitoring Doxorubicin Release from a Liposomal Drug Formulation in the Serum Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy.

Formulation of a drug as liposomes facilitates its delivery to the disease target. Rightly, liposomes are gaining popularity in the medical field. In order for the drug to show efficacy, release of the encapsulated drug from the liposome at the target site is required.

Tau and TDP-43 accumulation of the basal nucleus of Meynert in individuals with cerebral lobar infarcts or hemorrhage.

A previous study reported that a massive cerebral infarct in the territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) may be associated with development of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the ipsilateral basal nucleus of Meynert (BNM). We analyzed 19 cases of an MCA territory infarct and 12 with a putaminal hemorrhage (mean age 82.5 years; female/male ratio 8/23; mean time from stroke onset to autopsy 4182 days).

Preoperative assessment of parietal pleural invasion/adhesion of subpleural lung cancer: advantage of software-assisted analysis of 4-dimensional dynamic-ventilation computed tomography.

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of four-dimensional (4D) dynamic-ventilation computed tomography (CT) scanning coupled with our novel image analysis software to diagnose parietal pleural invasion/adhesion of peripheral (subpleural) lung cancer.

Methods: Eighteen patients with subpleural lung cancer underwent both 4D dynamic-ventilation CT during free breathing and conventional (static) chest CT during preoperative assessment. The absence of parietal pleural invasion/adhesion was surgically confirmed in 13 patients, while the presence of parietal pleural invasion/adhesion was confirmed in 5 patients.

Visualization of Amyloid β Deposits in the Human Brain with Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Imaging Mass Spectrometry.

The neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation and aggregation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides into extracellular plaques of the brain. The Aβ peptides, composed of 40 amino acids, are generated from amyloid precursor proteins (APP) by β- and γ-secretases. Aβ is deposited not only in cerebral parenchyma but also in leptomeningeal and cerebral vessel walls, known as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA).

Rapidly progressive miliary brain metastasis of lung cancer after EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor discontinuation: An autopsy report.

Miliary brain metastasis is a rare type of brain metastasis, in which carcinoma cells disseminate to numerous foci confined to Virchow-Robin/subpial spaces. Symptoms usually progress within several months, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows multiple small contrast-enhancing lesions. We report an autopsy case of a patient who rapidly deteriorated within a week due to miliary brain metastasis after epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) discontinuation, without contrast-enhancing lesions on MRI.