A Rare Case of a Heterotopic Sacrococcygeal Glial Nodule.

Heterotopic glial nodule is a rare congenital non-neoplastic lesion that is characterized by ectopic brain tissue. It has occasionally been reported to affect areas such as the nose and face. The report presents a rare case of sacrococcygeal heterotopic glial nodule.

Nanoscale Adhesion and Material Transfer at 2D MoS-MoS Interfaces Elucidated by In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy and Atomistic Simulations.

Low-dimensional materials, such as MoS, hold promise for use in a host of emerging applications, including flexible, wearable sensors due to their unique electrical, thermal, optical, mechanical, and tribological properties. The implementation of such devices requires an understanding of adhesive phenomena at the interfaces between these materials. Here, we describe combined nanoscale transmission electron microscopy (TEM)/atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments and simulations measuring the work of adhesion () between self-mated contacts of ultrathin nominally amorphous and nanocrystalline MoS films deposited on Si scanning probe tips.

Two-Step Conversion of Metal and Metal Oxide Precursor Films to 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides and Heterostructures.

The widely studied class of two-dimensional (2D) materials known as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are now well-poised to be employed in real-world applications ranging from electronic logic and memory devices to gas and biological sensors. Several scalable thin film synthesis techniques have demonstrated nanoscale control of TMD material thickness, morphology, structure, and chemistry and correlated these properties with high-performing, application-specific device metrics. In this review, the particularly versatile two-step conversion (2SC) method of TMD film synthesis is highlighted.

Orientation and morphology control in acid-catalyzed covalent organic framework thin films.

As thin films of semiconducting covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are demonstrating utility for ambipolar electronics, channel materials in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), and broadband photodetectors, control and modulation of their thin film properties is paramount. In this work, an interfacial growth technique is utilized to synthesize imine TAPB-PDA COF films at both the liquid-liquid interface as well as at the liquid-solid interface on a Si/SiO substrate. The concentration of acetic acid catalyst in the aqueous phase is shown to significantly influence the thin film morphology of the liquid-solid growth, with concentrations below 1 M resulting in no film nucleation, concentrations of 1-4 M enabling smooth film formation, and concentrations greater than 4 M resulting in films with a higher density of particulates on the surface.

Small molecule regulators of microRNAs identified by high-throughput screen coupled with high-throughput sequencing.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate fundamental biological processes by silencing mRNA targets and are dysregulated in many diseases. Therefore, miRNA replacement or inhibition can be harnessed as potential therapeutics. However, existing strategies for miRNA modulation using oligonucleotides and gene therapies are challenging, especially for neurological diseases, and none have yet gained clinical approval.

Small Molecule Regulators of microRNAs Identified by High-Throughput Screen Coupled with High-Throughput Sequencing.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate fundamental biological processes by silencing mRNA targets and are dysregulated in many diseases. Therefore, miRNA replacement or inhibition can be harnessed as potential therapeutics. However, existing strategies for miRNA modulation using oligonucleotides and gene therapies are challenging, especially for neurological diseases, and none have yet gained clinical approval.

Parkinson-causing mutations in LRRK2 impair the physiological tetramerization of endogenous α-synuclein in human neurons.

α-Synuclein (αSyn) aggregation in Lewy bodies and neurites defines both familial and 'sporadic' Parkinson's disease. We previously identified α-helically folded αSyn tetramers, in addition to the long-known unfolded monomers, in normal cells. PD-causing αSyn mutations decrease the tetramer:monomer (T:M) ratio, associated with αSyn hyperphosphorylation and cytotoxicity in neurons and a motor syndrome of tremor and gait deficits in transgenic mice that responds in part to L-DOPA.

Lipase regulation of cellular fatty acid homeostasis as a Parkinson's disease therapeutic strategy.

Synucleinopathy (Parkinson's disease (PD); Lewy body dementia) disease-modifying treatments represent a huge unmet medical need. Although the PD-causing protein α-synuclein (αS) interacts with lipids and fatty acids (FA) physiologically and pathologically, targeting FA homeostasis for therapeutics is in its infancy. We identified the PD-relevant target stearoyl-coA desaturase: inhibiting monounsaturated FA synthesis reversed PD phenotypes.

Laser-Fabricated 2D Molybdenum Disulfide Electronic Sensor Arrays for Rapid, Low-Cost, Ultrasensitive Detection of Influenza A and SARS-Cov-2.

Multiplex electronic antigen sensors for detection of SARS-Cov-2 spike glycoproteins and hemagglutinin from influenza A are fabricated using scalable processes for straightforward transition to economical mass-production. The sensors utilize the sensitivity and surface chemistry of a 2D MoS transducer for attachment of antibody fragments in a conformation favorable for antigen binding with no need for additional linker molecules. To make the devices, ultra-thin layers (3 nm) of amorphous MoS are sputtered over pre-patterned metal electrical contacts on a glass chip at room temperature.

Light-matter coupling in large-area van der Waals superlattices.

Two-dimensional (2D) crystals have renewed opportunities in design and assembly of artificial lattices without the constraints of epitaxy. However, the lack of thickness control in exfoliated van der Waals (vdW) layers prevents realization of repeat units with high fidelity. Recent availability of uniform, wafer-scale samples permits engineering of both electronic and optical dispersions in stacks of disparate 2D layers with multiple repeating units.

Stem cell-derived neurons reflect features of protein networks, neuropathology, and cognitive outcome of their aged human donors.

We have generated a controlled and manipulable resource that captures genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease: iPSC lines from 53 individuals coupled with RNA and proteomic profiling of both iPSC-derived neurons and brain tissue of the same individuals. Data collected for each person include genome sequencing, longitudinal cognitive scores, and quantitative neuropathology. The utility of this resource is exemplified here by analyses of neurons derived from these lines, revealing significant associations between specific Aβ and tau species and the levels of plaque and tangle deposition in the brain and, more importantly, with the trajectory of cognitive decline.

Level of physical activity and barriers to exercise in adults with type 2 diabetes.

Introduction: Physical activity (PA) is an important element in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) management. The aims of this study were to assess the percentage of adults with T2DM who perform PA, according to the intensity level and to describe barriers to exercise and the association between metabolic control and other clinical variables.

Methods: Multicenter, observational, cross-sectional study.

Biochemical and Proteomic Changes in the Roots of M4 Grapevine Rootstock in Response to Nitrate Availability.

In agricultural soils, nitrate (NO) is the major nitrogen (N) nutrient for plants, but few studies have analyzed molecular and biochemical responses involved in its acquisition by grapevine roots. In viticulture, considering grafting, NO acquisition is strictly dependent on rootstock. To improve the knowledge about N nutrition in grapevine, this study analyzed biochemical and proteomic changes induced by, NO availability, in a hydroponic system, in the roots of M4, a recently selected grapevine rootstock.

Nitrogen Uptake in Plants: The Plasma Membrane Root Transport Systems from a Physiological and Proteomic Perspective.

Nitrogen nutrition in plants is a key determinant in crop productivity. The availability of nitrogen nutrients in the soil, both inorganic (nitrate and ammonium) and organic (urea and free amino acids), highly differs and influences plant physiology, growth, metabolism, and root morphology. Deciphering this multifaceted scenario is mandatory to improve the agricultural sustainability.

Direct Optoelectronic Imaging of 2D Semiconductor-3D Metal Buried Interfaces.

The semiconductor-metal junction is one of the most critical factors for high-performance electronic devices. In two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor devices, minimizing the voltage drop at this junction is particularly challenging and important. Despite numerous studies concerning contact resistance in 2D semiconductors, the exact nature of the buried interface under a three-dimensional (3D) metal remains unclear.

[Latin-American experience in cryoablation of paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation using second generation cryo-balloon. Acute success and 12 months of follow-up].

Objective: Catheter ablation has become a usual technique to treat atrial fibrillation (AF). Medium-term results of prospective and multicenter data concerning pulmonary veins cryoablation in Latin America are limited. The objective is to assess the safety and efficacy of ablation by second generation cryoballoon in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) or persistent atrial fibrillation (PerAF) in Latin America.

Transferrable AlGaN/GaN High-Electron Mobility Transistors to Arbitrary Substrates via a Two-Dimensional Boron Nitride Release Layer.

Mechanical transfer of high-performing thin-film devices onto arbitrary substrates represents an exciting opportunity to improve device performance, explore nontraditional manufacturing approaches, and paves the way for soft, conformal, and flexible electronics. Using a two-dimensional boron nitride release layer, we demonstrate the transfer of AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) to arbitrary substrates through both direct van der Waals bonding and with a polymer adhesive interlayer. No device degradation was observed because of the transfer process, and a significant reduction in device temperature (327-132 °C at 600 mW) was observed when directly bonded to a silicon carbide (SiC) wafer relative to the starting wafer.

Two-Dimensional Materials in Biosensing and Healthcare: From Diagnostics to Optogenetics and Beyond.

Since the isolation of graphene in 2004, there has been an exponentially growing number of reports on layered two-dimensional (2D) materials for applications ranging from protective coatings to biochemical sensing. Due to the exceptional, and often tunable, electrical, optical, electrochemical, and physical properties of these materials, they can serve as the active sensing element or a supporting substrate for diverse healthcare applications. In this review, we provide a survey of the recent reports on the applications of 2D materials in biosensing and other emerging healthcare areas, ranging from wearable technologies to optogenetics to neural interfacing.

Photonic crystallization of two-dimensional MoS for stretchable photodetectors.

Low temperature synthesis of high quality two-dimensional (2D) materials directly on flexible substrates remains a fundamental limitation towards scalable realization of robust flexible electronics possessing the unique physical properties of atomically thin structures. Herein, we describe room temperature sputtering of uniform, stoichiometric amorphous MoS2 and subsequent large area (>6.25 cm2) photonic crystallization of 5 nm 2H-MoS2 films in air to enable direct, scalable fabrication of ultrathin 2D photodetectors on stretchable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates.

Shared effects of DISC1 disruption and elevated WNT signaling in human cerebral organoids.

The development of three-dimensional culture methods has allowed for the study of developing cortical morphology in human cells. This provides a new tool to study the neurodevelopmental consequences of disease-associated mutations. Here, we study the effects of isogenic DISC1 mutation in cerebral organoids.

Cell-type Dependent Alzheimer's Disease Phenotypes: Probing the Biology of Selective Neuronal Vulnerability.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) induces memory and cognitive impairment in the absence of motor and sensory deficits during its early and middle course. A major unresolved question is the basis for this selective neuronal vulnerability. Aβ, which plays a central role in AD pathogenesis, is generated throughout the brain, yet some regions outside of the limbic and cerebral cortices are relatively spared from Aβ plaque deposition and synapse loss.