Solution processed high aspect ratio ultra-long vertically well-aligned ZnO nano scintillators for potential X-ray imaging applications.

We report the photon (PL), electron (CL) and X-ray (XEL) induced luminescence characteristics of high aspect ratio ultra-long (~ 50 µm) ZnO nanorods (NRs) and discuss the potential for fast X-ray detection based on the consistent and efficient visible emission (~ 580 nm) from ZnO NRs. Nanostructured ZnO scintillators were rearranged to form a vertically well-aligned NR design in order to help light absorption and coupling resulting in luminescent and fast scintillation properties. The design of the nanorod array combines the key advantages of a low-cost growth technique together with environmentally friendly and widely available materials.

Vertically Well-Aligned ZnO Nanoscintillator Arrays with Improved Photoluminescence and Scintillation Properties.

ZnO nanoarrays were grown via a low-temperature hydrothermal method. Solutions, each with different additive combinations, were prepared and evaluated. The effects of the additives involved in the growth procedure, i.

A Monte Carlo investigation of some important radiation parameters and tissue equivalency for photons below 1 keV in human tissues.

The attenuation coefficients are important input values in estimating not only the dose and exposure in radiotherapy and medical imaging, but also in the proper design of photon shields. While studies are widely available above 1 keV, the attenuation coefficients of human tissues for photon energies less than 1 keV have not been studied yet. In this study, the attenuation coefficients of water and some human tissues were estimated for low energy photons using the MCNP6.

Study of environment friendly bismuth incorporated lithium borate glass system for structural, gamma-ray and fast neutron shielding properties.

The present work is aimed at incorporating the heavy metal oxide 'bismuth oxide' in lithium-borate glass system and studying its effect on the glass structure, durability, gamma-ray and neutron shielding ability. The density, XRD, Raman, FTIR, and UV-Visible spectroscopic techniques assisted in understanding the structure of ternary bismuth‑lithium-borate glass system. It has been found that the glass samples are of amorphous nature and structure is mainly built up of BO, BO, BiO BiO units and non-bridging oxygens (NBOs).

Radiological properties of healthy, carcinoma and equivalent breast tissues for photon and charged particle interactions.

Purpose: In this paper, the effective atomic numbers (Z), electron densities (N), exposure buildup factor (EBF) and energy absorption buildup factor (EABF) of healthy (H), carcinoma (C) and equivalent (E) breast tissues were investigated to quantify differences in radiological parameters between the tissues in the continuous energy region. For these purposes, Zs and Ns, of healthy, carcinoma and equivalent (H-C-E) breast tissues were calculated for interaction of gamma rays and charged particles with selected tissues. EBFs and EABFs of the tissues were also calculated for gamma rays as well and were compared to each other for different photon energies (0.

Effective atomic number of soft tissue, water and air for interaction of various hadrons, leptons and isotopes of hydrogen.

Purpose: Characterization of soft tissue, water and air in terms of effective atomic number (Z) with respect to the interactions of hadrons, leptons and isotopes of hydrogen.

Method: Mass collision stopping powers (MCSPs) were calculated first using Bethe formula. Then, these values were used to estimate Z using linear-logarithmic interpolation.

A study of effective atomic number and electron density of gel dosimeters and human tissues for scattering of gamma rays: momentum transfer, energy and scattering angle dependence.

The objective of this work was to study water- and tissue-equivalent properties of some gel dosimeters, human tissues and water, for scattering of photons using the effective atomic number (Z ). The Rayleigh to Compton scattering ratio (R/C) was used to obtain Z and electron density (N ) of gel dosimeters, human tissues and water considering a 10-10 momentum transfer, q (Å). In the present work, a logarithmic interpolation procedure was used to estimate R/C as well as Z of the chosen materials in a wide scattering angle (1°-180°) and energy range (0.

Water and tissue equivalence properties of biological materials for photons, electrons, protons and alpha particles in the energy region 10 keV-1 GeV: a comparative study.

Purpose: To compare some biological materials in respect to the water and tissue equivalence properties for photon, electron, proton and alpha particle interactions as means of the effective atomic number (Zeff) and electron density (Ne).

Methods: A Z-wise interpolation procedure has been adopted for calculation of Zeff using the mass attenuation coefficients for photons and the mass stopping powers for charged particles.

Results: At relatively low energies (100 keV-3 MeV), Zeff and Ne for photons and electrons were found to be constant while they vary much more for protons and alpha particles.

Investigation of the effective atomic numbers of dosimetric materials for electrons, protons and alpha particles using a direct method in the energy region 10 keV-1 GeV: a comparative study.

A direct method has been used for the first time, to compute effective atomic numbers (Z eff) of water, air, human tissues, and some organic and inorganic compounds, for total electron proton and alpha particle interaction in the energy region 10 keV-1 GeV. The obtained values for Z eff were then compared to those obtained using an interpolation procedure. In general, good agreement has been observed for electrons, and the difference (%) in Z eff between the results of the direct and the interpolation method was found to be <10 % for all materials, in the energy range from 10 keV to 1 MeV.

Collisional, radiative and total electron interaction in compound semiconductor detectors and solid state nuclear track detectors: effective atomic number and electron density.

Effective atomic numbers, Zeff and electron densities, Ne are widely used for characterization of interaction processes in radiation related studies. A variety of detectors are employed to detect different types of radiations i.e.

Effective atomic numbers, water and tissue equivalence properties of human tissues, tissue equivalents and dosimetric materials for total electron interaction in the energy region 10 keV-1 GeV.

Effective atomic numbers (Zeff) of 107 different materials of dosimetric interest have been calculated for total electron interactions in the wide energy region 10keV-1GeV. The stopping cross sections of elements and dosimetric materials were used to calculate Zeff of the materials. Differences (%) in Zeff relative to water have been calculated in the entire energy region to evaluate the water equivalency of the used materials.

Photon buildup factors in some dosimetric materials for heterogeneous radiation sources.

Effective photon energy absorption (EABF(eff)) and exposure buildup factors (EBF(eff)) have been calculated based on the effective energy concept, for some dosimetric materials such as water, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polystyrene, solid water (WT1), RW3 (Goettingen Water 3), and ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), for MV X-rays and (60)Co gamma rays. Firstly, the equivalent atomic numbers (Z(eq)) of the given materials have been determined using the effective photon energies (E eff). Then, the five-parameter geometric progression (G-P) fitting approximation has been used to calculate both EABF(eff) and EBF(eff) values.

Verification of dosimetric materials to be used as tissue-substitutes in radiological diagnosis.

Dosimetric materials have been investigated in terms of calculated mass energy absorption coefficient, equivalent atomic number and KERMA (kinetic energy released per unit mass) in the energy range 0.015-15 MeV. Using analytical methodology it has verified that nylon is the best substitute dosimetric material for skin, muscle, bone and soft-tissues.

Energy absorption and exposure buildup factors for some polymers and tissue substitute materials: photon energy, penetration depth and chemical composition dependence.

The gamma ray energy absorption and exposure buildup factors have been calculated by using the five parameter geometric progression (GP) fitting formula for some polymers and tissue substitute materials in the energy region 0.015-15 MeV up to a penetration depth of 40 mean free paths. From the results, it is worth noting that significant variations occur in gamma ray buildup factors for the given polymers and tissue substitute materials depending on photon energy, penetration depth and chemical composition of the materials.

Gamma-ray energy absorption and exposure buildup factor studies in some human tissues with endometriosis.

Human tissues with endometriosis have been analyzed in terms of energy absorption (EABF) and exposure (EBF) buildup factors using the five-parameter geometric progression (G-P) fitting formula in the energy region 0.015-15 MeV up to a penetration depth of 40 mfp (mean free path). Chemical compositions of the tissue samples were determined using a wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (WDXRFS).

Determination of effective atomic numbers in some compounds for photoelectric process at 59.54 keV by using different methods.

The total photoelectric cross sections, sigma(pe), of some compounds have been determined from the measured total attenuation cross sections by subtracting the scattering contributions at 59.54 keV. The values of sigma(pe) were then used to compute effective atomic numbers, Z(eff) for photoelectric process at 59.

Chemical composition, effective atomic number and electron density study of trommel sieve waste (TSW), Portland cement, lime, pointing and their admixtures with TSW in different proportions.

The trommel sieve waste (TSW) which forms during the boron ore production is considered to be a promising building material with its use as an admixture with Portland cement and is considered to be an alternative radiation shielding material, also. Thus, having knowledge on the chemical composition and radiation interaction properties of TSW as compared to other building materials is of importance. In the present study, chemical compositions of the materials used have been determined using a wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (WDXRFS).

Assessment of trace element concentration distribution in human placenta by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence: effect of neonate weight and maternal age.

Trace element status in human placenta is dependent on maternal-neonatal characteristics. This work was undertaken to investigate the correlation between essential trace element concentrations in the placenta and maternal-neonatal characteristics. Placenta samples were collected from total 61 healthy mothers at gestation between 37 and 41 weeks.

Evaluation of root canal dentin after Nd:YAG laser irradiation and treatment with five different irrigation solutions: a preliminary study.

This study evaluated in vitro any changes in the morphology and mineral content of root canal dentin after treatments with Nd:YAG laser irradiation and 5 different irrigation solutions. The groups of extracted single-rooted human teeth were exposed to sterile saline solution, 5.25% NaOCl, 3% H2O2, 15% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 2% chlorhexidine gluconate, and Nd:YAG laser irradiation.