Probiotic significance of strains: a comprehensive review on health impacts, research gaps, and future prospects.

A rising corpus of research has shown the beneficial effects of probiotic on human health, contributing to the growing popularity of these microorganisms in recent decades. The gastrointestinal and urinary tracts are home to these bacteria, which play a vital role in the microbial flora of both humans and animals. The probiotic, i.

Retinoic acid attenuates ischemic injury-induced activation of glial cells and inflammatory factors in a rat stroke model.

Stroke is a leading cause of death and long-term disability which can cause oxidative damage and inflammation of the neuronal cells. Retinoic acid is an active metabolite of vitamin A that has various beneficial effects including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we investigated whether retinoic acid modulates oxidative stress and inflammatory factors in a stroke animal model.

Neuroprotective effects of chlorogenic acid by controlling the Bcl-2 family protein in a stroke animal model.

Ischemic stroke causes severe brain damage and high mortality. Chlorogenic acid is a phenolic compound that has neuroprotective properties. B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family proteins are important for apoptosis regulation.

Identification of proteins regulated by chlorogenic acid in an ischemic animal model: a proteomic approach.

Background: Cerebral ischemia is a serious neurological disorder that can lead to high morbidity and mortality. Chlorogenic acid is a polyphenol compound with antioxidant that can regulate proteins in cerebral ischemia. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery was performed to induce ischemic brain injury and was maintained for 24 h.

Epigallocatechin gallate restores the reduction of protein phosphatase 2 A subunit B caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion.

Background: Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a flavonoid compound commonly found in green tea. It exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemia. Protein phosphatase 2 A (PP2A) is an important serine/threonine phosphatase enzyme involved in various cellular activities.

Chlorogenic acid modulates the ubiquitin-proteasome system in stroke animal model.

Background: Chlorogenic acid, a phenolic compound, has potent antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. The ubiquitin-proteasome system is an important regulators of neurodevelopment and modulators of neuronal function. This system is associated with neurodevelopment and neurotransmission through degradation and removal of damaged proteins.

Chlorogenic acid alleviates the reduction of Akt and Bad phosphorylation and of phospho-Bad and 14-3-3 binding in an animal model of stroke.

Background: Stroke is caused by disruption of blood supply and results in permanent disabilities as well as death. Chlorogenic acid is a phenolic compound found in various fruits and coffee and exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether chlorogenic acid regulates the PI3K-Akt-Bad signaling pathway in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced damage.

Retinoic acid regulates the ubiquitin-proteasome system in a middle cerebral artery occlusion animal model.

Background: Retinoic acid is a major metabolite of vitamin A and exerts beneficial effects including anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in neurons. The ubiquitin-proteasome system is an important biological system that regulates cell survival. Ubiquitination regulates protein degradation and plays an important role in oxidative stress.

Quercetin ameliorates glutamate toxicity-induced neuronal cell death by controlling calcium-binding protein parvalbumin.

Background: Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter. Excessive glutamate causes excitatory toxicity and increases intracellular calcium, leading to neuronal death. Parvalbumin is a calcium-binding protein that regulates calcium homeostasis.

Chlorogenic acid alleviates cerebral ischemia-induced neuroinflammation via attenuating nuclear factor kappa B activation.

Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke and is caused by vascular closure. Chlorogenic acid is a polyphenolic compound that is present in various plants. It is used as a traditional oriental medicine because of its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Epigallocatechin Gallate Alleviates Down-Regulation of Thioredoxin in Ischemic Brain Damage and Glutamate-Exposed Neuron.

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is one of polyphenol that is abundant in green tea. It has anti-oxidative activity and exerts neuroprotective effects in ischemic brain damage. Ischemic conditions induce oxidative stress and result in cell death.

Chlorogenic acid alleviates neurobehavioral disorders and brain damage in focal ischemia animal models.

Cerebral ischemia leads to neuronal cell death, causes neurological disorder and permanent disability. Chlorogenic acid has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of chlorogenic acid against cerebral ischemia.

The Complex Dynamics of Hepatitis B Infected Individuals with Optimal Control.

This paper proposes various stages of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) besides its transmissibility and nonlinear incidence rate to develop an epidemic model. The authors plan the model, and then prove some basic results for the well-posedness in term of boundedness and positivity. Moreover, the authors find the threshold parameter , called the basic/effective reproductive number and carry out local sensitive analysis.

Baicalin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroglial activation and inflammatory factors activation in hippocampus of adult mice.

Baicalin is a natural flavonoid that exerts a variety of pharmaceutical effects such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an endotoxin that releases inflammatory cytokines and induces inflammatory response. This study was investigated the anti-inflammatory mechanism of baicalin against LPS-induced inflammatory response in the hippocampus.

Lipopolysaccharide induces neuroglia activation and NF-κB activation in cerebral cortex of adult mice.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) acts as an endotoxin, releases inflammatory cytokines, and promotes an inflammatory response in various tissues. This study investigated whether LPS modulates neuroglia activation and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-mediated inflammatory factors in the cerebral cortex. Adult male mice were divided into control animals and LPS-treated animals.

Baicalin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation in cerebral cortex of mice via inhibiting nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation.

Baicalin is a plant-derived flavonoid that has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. We investigated an anti-inflammatory effect of baicalin against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced damage in cerebral cortex. Adult mice were divided into control, LPS-treated, and LPS and baicalin co-treated animals.

Quercetin alleviates the injury-induced decrease of protein phosphatase 2A subunit B in cerebral ischemic animal model and glutamate-exposed HT22 cells.

Quercetin is a plant flavonoid that has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-ischemic properties. Moreover, quercetin exerts neuroprotective effects against focal cerebral ischemia. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a form of serine/threonine phosphatase that modulates various biological functions.

Hyperglycemia aggravates decrease in alpha-synuclein expression in a middle cerebral artery occlusion model.

Hyperglycemia is one of the major risk factors for stroke. Hyperglycemia can lead to a more extensive infarct volume, aggravate neuronal damage after cerebral ischemia. α-Synuclein is especially abundant in neuronal tissue, where it underlies the etiopathology of several neurodegenerative diseases.