The effects of marine heatwaves on a coral reef snapper: insights into aerobic and anaerobic physiology and recovery.

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are increasing in frequency and intensity. Coral reefs are particularly susceptible to MHWs, which cause mass coral bleaching and mortality. However, little is known about how MHWs affect coral reef fishes.

Cross-talk between tissues is critical for intergenerational acclimation to environmental change in Acanthochromis polyacanthus.

Organisms' responses to environmental changes involve complex, coordinated responses of multiple tissues and potential parental influences. Here using a multi-tissue approach we determine how variation in parental behavioural tolerance and exposure to elevated CO influences the developmental and intergenerational molecular responses of their offspring in the coral reef fish Acanthochromis polyacanthus to future ocean acidification (OA) conditions. Gills and liver showed the highest transcriptional response to OA in juvenile fish regardless of parental OA conditioning, while the brain and liver showed the greatest intergenerational acclimation signals.

Transcriptomic responses in the nervous system and correlated behavioural changes of a cephalopod exposed to ocean acidification.

Background: The nervous system is central to coordinating behavioural responses to environmental change, likely including ocean acidification (OA). However, a clear understanding of neurobiological responses to OA is lacking, especially for marine invertebrates.

Results: We evaluated the transcriptomic response of the central nervous system (CNS) and eyes of the two-toned pygmy squid (Idiosepius pygmaeus) to OA conditions, using a de novo transcriptome assembly created with long read PacBio ISO-sequencing data.

Timing-specific parental effects of ocean warming in a coral reef fish.

Population and species persistence in a rapidly warming world will be determined by an organism's ability to acclimate to warmer conditions, especially across generations. There is potential for transgenerational acclimation but the importance of ontogenetic timing in the transmission of environmentally induced parental effects remains mostly unknown. We aimed to disentangle the effects of two critical ontogenetic stages (juvenile development and reproduction) to the new-generation acclimation potential, by exposing the spiny chromis damselfish to simulated ocean warming across two generations.

Matching maternal and paternal experiences underpin molecular thermal acclimation.

The environment experienced by one generation has the potential to affect the subsequent one through non-genetic inheritance of parental effects. Since both mothers and fathers can influence their offspring, questions arise regarding how the maternal, paternal and offspring experiences integrate into the resulting phenotype. We aimed to disentangle the maternal and paternal contributions to transgenerational thermal acclimation in a reef fish, Acanthochromis polyacanthus, by exposing two generations to elevated temperature (+1.

Immunolyser: A web-based computational pipeline for analysing and mining immunopeptidomic data.

Immunopeptidomics has made tremendous contributions to our understanding of antigen processing and presentation, by identifying and quantifying antigenic peptides presented on the cell surface by Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules. Large and complex immunopeptidomics datasets can now be routinely generated using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry techniques. The analysis of this data - often consisting of multiple replicates/conditions - rarely follows a standard data processing pipeline, hindering the reproducibility and depth of analysis of immunopeptidomic data.

Reanalysis shows there is not an extreme decline effect in fish ocean acidification studies.

This Formal Comment uses re-analysis after appropriate corrections to claim that the extreme decline effect reported by Clements et al. is a statistical artefact caused by the way they corrected for zeros in percentage data, exacerbated by errors in data compilation, selective data inclusions and missing studies with strong effects.

Parents exposed to warming produce offspring lower in weight and condition.

The parental environment can alter offspring phenotypes via the transfer of non-genetic information. Parental effects may be viewed as an extension of (within-generation) phenotypic plasticity. Smaller size, poorer physical condition, and skewed sex ratios are common responses of organisms to global warming, yet whether parental effects alleviate, exacerbate, or have no impact on these responses has not been widely tested.

Life-history constraints, short adult life span and reproductive strategies in coral reef gobies of the genus Trimma.

Body size influences many life-history traits, with small-bodied animals tending to have short life spans, high mortality and greater reproductive effort early in life. In this study, the authors investigated the life-history traits and reproductive strategies of three small-bodied coral reef gobies of the genus Trimma: Trimma benjamini, Trimma capostriatum and Trimma yanoi. The authors found all Trimma species studied attained a small body size of <25 mm, had a short life span of <140 days and experienced high estimated daily mortality of 3.

The alternative splicing landscape of a coral reef fish during a marine heatwave.

Alternative splicing is a molecular mechanism that enables a single gene to encode multiple transcripts and proteins by post-transcriptional modification of pre-RNA molecules. Changes in the splicing scheme of genes can lead to modifications of the transcriptome and the proteome. This mechanism can enable organisms to respond to environmental fluctuations.

Molecular basis of parental contributions to the behavioural tolerance of elevated pCO in a coral reef fish.

Knowledge of adaptive potential is crucial to predicting the impacts of ocean acidification (OA) on marine organisms. In the spiny damselfish, , individual variation in behavioural tolerance to elevated pCO has been observed and is associated with offspring gene expression patterns in the brain. However, the maternal and paternal contributions of this variation are unknown.

ggVolcanoR: A Shiny app for customizable visualization of differential expression datasets.

Volcano and other analytical plots (e.g., correlation plots, upset plots, and heatmaps) serve as important data visualization methods for transcriptomic and proteomic analyses.

Diel pCO fluctuations alter the molecular response of coral reef fishes to ocean acidification conditions.

Environmental partial pressure of CO (pCO ) variation can modify the responses of marine organisms to ocean acidification, yet the underlying mechanisms for this effect remain unclear. On coral reefs, environmental pCO  fluctuates on a regular day-night cycle. Effects of future ocean acidification on coral reef fishes might therefore depend on their response to this diel cycle of pCO .

The role of ligand-gated chloride channels in behavioural alterations at elevated CO2 in a cephalopod.

Projected future carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the ocean can alter marine animal behaviours. Disrupted functioning of γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors (ligand-gated chloride channels) is suggested to underlie CO2-induced behavioural changes in fish. However, the mechanisms underlying behavioural changes in marine invertebrates are poorly understood.

Sex- and time-specific parental effects of warming on reproduction and offspring quality in a coral reef fish.

Global warming can disrupt reproduction or lead to fewer and poorer quality offspring, owing to the thermally sensitive nature of reproductive physiology. However, phenotypic plasticity may enable some animals to adjust the thermal sensitivity of reproduction to maintain performance in warmer conditions. Whether elevated temperature affects reproduction may depend on the timing of exposure to warming and the sex of the parent exposed.

Ocean acidification effects on fish hearing.

Humans are rapidly changing the marine environment through a multitude of effects, including increased greenhouse gas emissions resulting in warmer and acidified oceans. Elevated CO conditions can cause sensory deficits and altered behaviours in marine organisms, either directly by affecting end organ sensitivity or due to likely alterations in brain chemistry. Previous studies show that auditory-associated behaviours of larval and juvenile fishes can be affected by elevated CO (1000 µatm).

Contrasting effects of constant and fluctuating pCO conditions on the exercise physiology of coral reef fishes.

Ocean acidification (OA) is predicted to affect the physiology of some fishes. To date, most studies have investigated this issue using stable pCO levels based on open ocean projections. Yet, most shallow, nearshore systems experience temporal and spatial pCO fluctuations.

Elevated temperature and CO have positive effects on the growth and survival of larval Australasian snapper.

Rising water temperature and increased uptake of CO by the ocean are predicted to have widespread impacts on marine species. However, the effects are likely to vary, depending on a species' sensitivity and the geographical location of the population. Here, we investigated the potential effects of elevated temperature and pCO on larval growth and survival in a New Zealand population of the Australasian snapper, Chrysophyrs auratus.

An uncertain future: Effects of ocean acidification and elevated temperature on a New Zealand snapper (Chrysophrys auratus) population.

Anthropogenic CO emissions are warming and acidifying Earth's oceans, which is likely to lead to a variety of effects on marine ecosystems. Fish populations will be vulnerable to this change, and there is now substantial evidence of the direct and indirect effects of climate change on fish. There is also a growing effort to conceptualise the effects of climate change on fish within population models.

The effects of constant and fluctuating elevated pCO levels on oxygen uptake rates of coral reef fishes.

Ocean acidification, resulting from increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) emissions, can affect the physiological performance of some fishes. Most studies investigating ocean acidification have used stable pCO treatments based on open ocean predictions. However, nearshore systems can experience substantial spatial and temporal variations in pCO.