Effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical stimulation for chronic tinnitus.

Conclusion: Based on the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) and visual analog scale (VAS) scores, transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TENS) can provide relief from tinnitus. Response to electrical stimulation was best seen in patients with low-frequency tinnitus and with mild hearing loss.

Objective: TENS is known to alleviate symptoms of tinnitus.

Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 and their mutations in patients with otitis media and middle ear effusion.

Objectives: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) detect microbial infections and they can directly induce innate host defense responses. TLR 2 has been shown to be primarily involved in the recognition of peptidoglycans and lipoteichoic acid of gram positive bacteria. TLR 4 recognizes lipopolysaccharides and lipoteichoic acids from both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.