Conservation genomics within government led conservation planning: an Australian case study exploring cost and benefit for threatened flora.

The importance of conserving plant genetic diversity has been recognised since the 1980's, but genetic research tools for improving conservation remain largely absent from standard planning. Using an Australian case study framework of the New South Wales Government's Saving our Species program, we outline the costs and benefits associated with conducting genomic analysis within a conservation strategy to inform for example, taxonomic resolution, targeted monitoring, translocations and ex situ collections. Despite a reported sentiment that costs are prohibitive, our study identified that where genetics reports have been provided (32 to date), the cost of genetic sampling, analysis and advice is less than 10% of the total Government investment (SoS program) and will continue decreasing proportionally throughout the years as other management occurs.

Chronic conditions among transgender Medicare beneficiaries: Variation by race, ethnicity, and Medicaid dual-enrollment.

Background: Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) adults experience disability at twice the rate of cisgender (non-TGD) adults in the US. TGD people of color and low-income TGD people experience intersecting discrimination that may compound chronic conditions and disability. To our knowledge, no research has focused on chronic conditions among TGD Medicare beneficiaries with disabilities.

Experiences of patients with disabilities and sexual or gender minority status during healthcare interactions.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to examine the lived experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and other (LGBTQ+) people with disabilities when interacting with healthcare professionals related to their gender identity, sexuality, and disability.

Subject And Methods: Historically marginalized groups face many inequities in health care. However, little is known about the intersectional experiences of LGBTQ+ people with disabilities when receiving health care given their likelihood to encounter multiple marginalizations.

Application of a comprehensive disability measure: Disability prevalence among US Veterans and non-veterans from the National Health Interview Survey Data from 2015 to 2018.

Background: Current measures of condition-specific disabilities or those capturing only severe limitations may underestimate disability prevalence, including among Veterans.

Objectives: To develop a comprehensive measure to characterize and compare disabilities among US Veterans and non-Veterans.

Methods: Using 2015-2018 pooled cross-sectional National Health Interview Survey data, we compared the frequency and survey-weighted prevalence of non-mutually exclusive sensory, social, and physical disabilities by Veteran status.

Comparing New Prescription Drug Availability and Launch Timing in the United States and Other OECD Countries.

Prescription drug research and development is, particularly in its most expensive later stages, an increasingly global endeavor undertaken by large, multinational firms. However, the availability of the resulting new drugs in individual countries and the timing of their launch can vary because of regulatory differences, business decisions, and other factors. The now-enacted Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 and other policy proposals aim to lower U.

Comparing Insulin Prices in the United States to Other Countries: Updated Results Using 2022 Data.

Manufacturers' list prices for insulin have increased dramatically over the past decade in the United States. In this study, the authors present results from a comparison of U.S.

International Prescription Drug Price Comparisons: Estimates Using 2022 Data.

Understanding the extent to which prescription drug prices are higher in the United States than in other countries-after accounting for differences in the volume and mix of drugs-is useful when developing and targeting policies to address both growth in drug spending and the financial impact of prescription drugs on consumers. This study summarizes findings from comparisons of drug prices in the United States and other high-income countries based on 2022 data and presents results for specific types of drugs, including brand-name originator drugs and unbranded generic drugs, and from sensitivity analyses.

Gender Diversity, Disability, and Well-Being: Impact of Delayed and Foregone Care Because of COVID-19.

This study explored the impact of delayed and foregone care due to COVID-19 on well-being among disabled and gender diverse adults. Using data from the 2021 National Survey on Health and Disability and logistic regression modeling we assessed the impact of delayed or foregone care due to COVID-19 on well-being among disabled people ( = 1638), with comparisons between cisgender ( = 1538) and gender diverse ( = 100) people with disabilities. We report odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI).

Discontinuation of antidepressant treatment: a retrospective cohort study on more than 20,000 participants.

Background: Factors influencing antidepressant treatment discontinuation are poorly understood. In the present study, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of antidepressant treatment discontinuation and identify demographic characteristics, psychiatric comorbidities, and specific side effects associated with treatment discontinuation.

Methods: We leveraged data from the Australian Genetics of Depression Study (AGDS; N = 20,941) to perform a retrospective cohort study on antidepressant treatment discontinuation.

Health Care Disparities Among Autistic LGBTQ+ People.

Background: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer (LGBTQ+) people and disabled people experience disparities in access to health care compared with others. However, we have yet to understand how health care disparities may be further exacerbated at the intersection of disability and LGBTQ+ identity, particularly among autistic people.

Objectives: The primary goals of this study were to (1) examine differences in unmet health care needs and health status between LGBTQ+ autistic people and straight/cisgender autistic people and (2) explore how state policies and demographics predict the unmet health care needs of the autistic LGBTQ+ people.

Veterans Health Administration Healthcare Coverage and Medical Financial Hardship in Low-Income Veterans.

Introduction: The Veterans Health Administration (VA) provides low- to no-cost care to enrolled veterans with low incomes. This study assessed the associations between VA coverage and medical financial hardship among U.S.

Mental health-related hospitalizations among adolescents and emerging adults with autism in the United States: A retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of national hospital discharge data.

Autistic young people are more likely to have mental health conditions, like depression and bipolar disorder, than people without autism. These mental health issues sometimes lead to hospitalizations, which can be expensive and traumatic. Because of this, we wanted to understand mental health-related hospitalizations among autistic young people aged 10-20.

Hospitalizations Among Children and Youth With Autism in the United States: Frequency, Characteristics, and Costs.

National estimates of hospitalization diagnoses and costs were determined using the 2016 HCUP Kids' Inpatient Database. Children and youth with autism were hospitalized over 45,000 times at over $560 million in costs and 260,000 inpatient days. The most frequent principal diagnoses for hospitalizations of children and youth with autism were epilepsy, mental health conditions, pneumonia, asthma, and gastrointestinal disorders, which resulted in almost $200 million in costs and 150,000 inpatient days.

Claims-Based Reporting of Post-Operative Visits for Procedures with 10- or 90-Day Global Periods: Updated Results Using Calendar Year 2019 Data.

Medicare payments for most surgical procedures cover both procedures and post-operative visits occurring within a global period of either 10 or 90 days following procedures. There have been concerns that fewer post-operative visits are provided than the number of post-operative visits considered when the procedure was valued. To help inform accurate valuation of procedures with global periods, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) required select practitioners to report on post-operative visits after select procedures with 10- or 90-day global periods.

Claims-Based Reporting of Post-Operative Visits for Procedures with 10- or 90-Day Global Periods: Updated Results Using Calendar Year 2018 Data.

Medicare payments for most surgical procedures cover both procedures and post-operative visits occurring within a global period of either ten or 90 days following procedures. There have been concerns that fewer post-operative visits are provided than the number of post-operative visits considered when the procedure was valued. To help inform accurate valuation of procedures with global periods, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) required select practitioners to report on post-operative visits after select procedures with 10- or 90-day global periods.

Projected US savings from biosimilars, 2021-2025.

Objectives: Biologics account for an increasing share of US prescription drug spending. Biosimilars could lower biologic prices through competition, but barriers to increasing both supply and uptake remain. We projected US biosimilar savings from 2021 to 2025 under different scenarios.

Using Claims-Based Estimates of Post-Operative Visits to Revalue Procedures with 10- and 90-Day Global Periods: Updated Results Using Calendar Year 2019 Data.

Medicare payment for many health care procedures covers not only the procedure itself but also most post-operative care over a fixed period of time (the ""global period""). The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) sets payment rates assuming that a certain number and type of post-operative visits specific to each procedure typically occur. This article describes how CMS might use claims-based data on the number of post-operative visits to adjust valuation for procedures with 10- and 90-day global periods.

Prescription Drug Supply Chains: An Overview of Stakeholders and Relationships.

The authors describe the stakeholders involved in prescription drug supply chains and the flows of products, payments, and information between stakeholders. Many stakeholders and steps are involved in the life cycle of a prescription drug as it moves from chemical synthesis and formulation through dispensing or administration to patients. The specific steps involved in prescription drug supply chains often differ depending on the type of drug, the channel of distribution, and the patient's source of prescription drug coverage.

Understanding genetic risk factors for common side effects of antidepressant medications.

Background: Major depression is one of the most disabling health conditions internationally. In recent years, new generation antidepressant medicines have become very widely prescribed. While these medicines are efficacious, side effects are common and frequently result in discontinuation of treatment.

Painful ulcerations: the sole clinical sign of mixed cryoglobulinaemia secondary to marginal zone lymphoma.

A man in his 70s with background vascular disease presented with 7 months of painful non-resolving lower leg ulcers with eschar and petechiae, left lower ear lobe ulceration and dusky inflammation of the right ear. He demonstrated good bilateral pedal pulses and no peripheral oedema. No lymphadenopathy was palpated.