Investigation of the pathophysiology of the retina and choroid in Parkinson's disease by optical coherence tomography.

Purpose: The pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is suspected to affect the retina and choroid. We investigated changes in the retina and choroid of patients with PD using optical coherence tomography.

Methods: We examined 14 patients with PD and 22 patients without PD.

Sensory adaptation in exophoria and exotropia.

Introduction And Purpose: To investigate the effect of exodeviation in spatial visual attention using the illusory line motion paradigm.

Methods: The perception of visual illusion (i.e.

[Influence of accommodative response and visual symptoms on visual display terminal adult operators with asthenopia through adequately corrected refractive errors].

Purpose: Application of adequate correction of refractory errors for the treatment of asthenopia of young visual display terminal (VDT) workers was evaluated from subjective complaints and the effect on accommodation dynamics (step response) before and after 6 months.

Methods: Young VDT workers who visited the clinic because of eye strain were consecutively selected. Fifteen workers who were under-corrected for myopia and three workers who were over-corrected for myopia were treated by "adequate correction of refractory errors" with spectacles or soft contact lenses.

Effects of ocular dominance on binocular summation after monocular reading adds.

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between ocular dominance and binocular summation with monocular reading adds.

Setting: Department of Orthoptics and Visual Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.

Methods: Contrast sensitivities were measured by having subjects view contrast charts at spatial frequencies of 1.

Effects of dominant and nondominant eyes in binocular rivalry.

Purpose: To investigate the relation between sighting and sensory eye dominance and attempt to quantitatively examine eye dominance using a balance technique based on binocular rivalry.

Methods: The durations of exclusive visibility of the dominant and nondominant eye target in binocular rivalry were measured in 14 subjects. The dominant eye was determined by using the hole-in-card test (sighting dominance).

Ocular dominance and patient satisfaction after monovision induced by intraocular lens implantation.

Purpose: To elucidate the relationship between ocular dominance and patient satisfaction with monovision induced by intraocular lens implantation.

Setting: Eye Clinic, Kitasato University School of Medicine Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.

Methods: The durations of exclusive visibility of dominant- and nondominant-eye targets were measured in 16 patients with successful monovision and 4 patients with unsuccessful monovision to determine the characteristics of ocular dominance.

Repair and reconstruction of the mouse lens after perforating injury.

Purpose: To investigate the process of repair in the epithelial cells and the reconstruction in lens fibers of a mouse lens that has developed opacity because of a large-scale perforating injury.

Methods: Lenses of 4-week-old mice were perforated with a needle through the cornea to induce the development of traumatic cataracts. Over the period from the first day to the fifth month after injury, eyeballs were extracted progressively from the mice and changes in the epithelial cells of these lenses were observed morphologically as well as histochemically.

Ischemic optic neuropathy associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage after rupture of anterior communicating artery aneurysm.

Two clinical cases in which ischemic optic neuropathy (ION) occurred after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are reported. Hemorrhage in the proximity of the optic chiasm was confirmed in 2 cases following rupture of an anterior communicating artery aneurysm. Optic disk atrophy with excavation and permanent visual field defect (altitudinal superior hemianopia) occurred in both cases.

Diurnal variation of human corneal curvature in young adults.

Purpose: To elucidate the diurnal variation of human corneal curvature with regard to gender and menstrual cycle.

Methods: Changes in corneal curvature and intraocular pressure (IOP) were measured over 24 hours in 14 young adults using corneal topography and a non-contact tonometer. In study 1, seven males and seven females (after menses) were measured.

[Presynaptic effects of botulinum toxin type A on the neuronally evoked response of albino and pigmented rabbit iris sphincter and dilator muscles].

Purpose: To investigate the effects of botulinum toxin type A(botulinum A toxin) on the autonomic and other non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerve terminals.

Methods: The effects of neurotoxin on twitch contractions evoked by electrical field stimulation (EFS) were studied in isolated rabbit iris sphincter and dilator muscles using isometric tension recording.

Results: Botulinum A toxin(150 nM) inhibited the fast cholinergic and slow substance P-ergic component of contraction evoked by EFS in the rabbit iris sphincter muscle without affecting the response to carbachol and substance P.

Presynaptic effects of botulinum toxin type A on the neuronally evoked response of albino and pigmented rabbit iris sphincter and dilator muscles.

Purpose: To investigate the effects of botulinum toxin type A (botulinum A toxin) on the autonomic and other nonadrenergic, noncholinergic nerve terminals.

Methods: The effects of botulinum A toxin on twitch contractions evoked by electrical field stimulation (EFS) were studied in isolated albino and pigmented rabbit iris sphincter and dilator muscles using the isometric tension recording method.

Results: Botulinum A toxin inhibited the fast cholinergic and slow substance P-ergic component of the contraction evoked by EFS in the rabbit iris sphincter muscle without affecting the response to carbachol and substance P.

MR changes in the calcarine area resulting from retinal degeneration.

Purpose: To study MR images for atrophic changes in the calcarine area resulting from retinal degeneration.

Methods: MR images from nine patients with retinal degeneration confirmed by ophthalmologic examination and from 30 healthy volunteers were reviewed. The causes of retinal degeneration were hereditary pigmentary degeneration of the retina (four patients), high myopia (two patients), and chorioretinal atrophy (three patients); all patients had visual disturbances and visual field abnormalities.

Direct parasympathetic pathway from midbrain to ciliary muscles in cats and monkeys.

In cats and monkeys, we examined the parasympathetic component of the oculomotor complex, which directly innervates the ciliary muscle, using horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Labeled neurons of varying form and size were found in the Edinger-Westphal(EW) and the Perlia nuclei of the cat and in the anteromedian, EW, and Perlia nuclei of the monkey. Our study confirmed that a direct parasympathetic pathway exists from the midbrain to the ciliary muscles, and that accommodation is controlled in part by this direct link from the midsagittal region via a parasympathetic neuron of the oculomotor nuclear complex.

Representation of the visual field in the striate cortex: comparison of MR findings with visual field deficits in organic mercury poisoning (Minamata disease).

Purpose: To compare MR imaging findings of the striate cortex with visual field deficits in patients with Minamata disease and to reestimate the classical Holmes retinotopic map by using the data obtained from comparing visual field abnormalities with degree of visual cortex atrophy.

Methods: MR imaging was performed in eight patients with Minamata disease who had been given a full neuroophthalmic examination, including Goldmann dynamic perimetry. The atrophic portions of the calcarine area were measured in the sagittal plane next to the midsagittal image and represented as a percentage of atrophy of the total length of the calcarine fissure.

[Objective visual field measurement using "pupil perimetry"].

In an attempt to measure the visual field objectively, we developed a system of "Pupil Perimetry". An infrared pupillometry machine was linked to a Goldmann perimeter to record the visual field by mapping the change in the pupil area (mm2) at each target location within the field. We decreased the background intensity to 10Asb to get maximum pupil response.

[Study on human eye movements induced by prolonged eye closure and lid opening--report 2. Closing and opening of eyelids].

The eye movement during prolonged eye closure and the following eye opening has not been studied precisely. In the present study we evaluated the eye movement during prolonged eye closure and the following eye opening using a magnetic search oil method. In a bright room, the exact moment of recognizing a visual target during eye opening could not be determined.

[Study on human eye movements induced by blinks--report 1. Three kinds of blinking].

The eye movement associated with blinking was studied with a magnetic search coil method. Lid movements and eye movements associated with spontaneous blinks, voluntary blinks, and reflex blinks induced by puffs of air or flashes of light were analysed. Eye movements associated with spontaneous blinks and voluntary blinks had initial downward and adducted movements followed by upward and abducted movements of the eyeball.

The motoneurons innervating the musculus levator palpebrae superiors in the monkey, cat and rabbit.

The motoneurons innervating the musculus levator palpebrae superioris (LPS) of the monkey, the cat and the rabbit were studied using horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Furthermore, LPS motoneurons of the cat and rabbit were studied by the double-labeling method using two fluorescent dyes as retrograde neuronal tracers. After injection of HRP into the right LPS of the monkey and the cat, HRP-labeled neurons were found only in the central caudal nucleus with contralateral preponderance.

Sensitivity of nasal and temporal hemiretinas in latent nystagmus and strabismus evaluated using the light reflex.

To determine visual sensitivity in patients with latent nystagmus with or without esotropia or exotropia, and in patients with esotropia or exotropia, pupillary reactions to 5 degrees diameter light stimuli given to the retina at the fovea (centre), at 5 degrees nasal to the centre, and at 5 degrees temporal to the centre, were measured using electronic infrared pupillography; then pupillary constriction rates and maximum velocity of pupillary constrictions were calculated and analysed. In non-dominant eyes, visual sensitivities of the nasal retina and temporal retina were higher compared with normal eyes, and they also tended to be higher than the sensitivities at the fovea (centre), particularly in patients with latent nystagmus with esotropia. In patients with esotropia or exotropia, visual sensitivities in non-dominant eyes of the nasal retina, and temporal retina increased to a level similar to those at the fovea (centre).

Duane retraction syndrome associated with Chiari I malformation.

A 13-year-old girl who had Duane retraction syndrome associated with Chiari I malformation is reported. Neuro-ophthalmologic examination revealed severe limitation of abduction of the left eye, as well as narrowing of the palpebral fissure and retraction of the globe on adduction. Electro-oculography of the affected eye revealed decreased saccadic velocity on attempted abduction and adduction.