Detection of mutations in the rpoB gene of rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains inhibiting wild type probe hybridization in the MTBDR plus assay by DNA sequencing directly from clinical specimens.

Background: The potential of genetic testing for rapid and accurate diagnosis of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains is vital for efficient treatment and reduction in dissemination. MTBDR plus assays rapidly detect mutations related to drug resistance and wild type sequences allied with susceptibility. Although these methods are promising, the examination of molecular level performance is essential for improved assay result interpretation and continued diagnostic development.

Engineering a Carotenoid-Overproducing Strain of Azospirillum brasilense for Heterologous Production of Geraniol and Amorphadiene.

and have been used extensively for heterologous production of a variety of secondary metabolites. Neither has an endogenous high-flux isoprenoid pathway, required for the production of terpenoids. , a nonphotosynthetic GRAS (generally recognized as safe) bacterium, produces carotenoids in the presence of light.

An ECF41 family σ factor controls motility and biogenesis of lateral flagella in Sp245.

ECF41 is a large family of bacterial extra-cytoplasmic function (ECF) σ factors. Their role in bacterial physiology or behavior, however, is not known. One of the 10 ECF σ factors encoded in the genome of Sp245, RpoE10, exhibits characteristic features of the typical ECF41-type σ factors.

A novel ready-to-use dry-reagent polymerase chain reaction for detection of & species.

Background & Objectives: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has wide acceptance for rapid identification of pathogens and also for diagnosis of infectious conditions. However, because of economic and expertise constraints, a majority of small or peripheral laboratories do not use PCR. The objective of the present study was to develop a dry-reagent PCR assay as an alternative to conventional PCR to assess its applicability in routine laboratory practice using malB gene for identification of Escherichia coli as a model.

RelQ Mediates the Expression of β-Lactam Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant .

An induced stringent response, which is established by an increased level of (p)ppGpp, is required for the expression of β-lactam resistance in methicillin-resistant (MRSA). However, it is not clear whether RSH (enzyme mediating stringent response to amino acid starvation) or small alarmone synthetases (SASs) are involved in the maintenance of (p)ppGpp level in response to β-lactams. Since the genome encodes two active SASs (RelP and RelQ), their contribution to the expression of β-lactam resistance in MRSA was investigated.

Resistance to anti leprosy drugs in multi-bacillary leprosy: A cross sectional study from a tertiary care centre in eastern Uttar Pradesh, India.

Background: : WHO MDT is the main drug regimen for treating leprosy and has been used for more than three decades. Many cases of relapse of leprosy have been reported, which points towards the emergence of drug resistance with the antileprotic drugs.

Objectives: : To find the resistance with the antileprotic drugs by detecting the mutations in drug resistance determining region of the rpoB, folP1 and gyrA genes of Mycobacterium leprae.

Development of a dry-reagent mix-based polymerase chain reaction as a novel tool for the identification of species and its comparison with conventional polymerase chain reaction.

Background: Nosocomial infections are often caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria and the incidence is increasing. , a Gram-negative bacillus, is commonly associated with the use of intravascular catheterization and airway intubation. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for identification of from samples has been standardized that use conventional wet-reagent mix.

Ethanol-induced stress response of Staphylococcus aureus.

Transcriptional profiles of 2 unrelated clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates were analyzed following 10% (v/v) ethanol challenge (15 min), which arrested growth but did not reduce viability. Ethanol-induced stress (EIS) resulted in differential gene expression of 1091 genes, 600 common to both strains, of which 291 were upregulated. With the exception of the downregulation of genes involved with osmotic stress functions, EIS resulted in the upregulation of genes that contribute to stress response networks, notably those altered by oxidative stress, protein quality control in general, and heat shock in particular.

PCR and Genotyping for HPV in Cervical Cancer Patients.

Aims: To devise nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction (NMPCR) protocol for detection of mucosal human papilloma viruses (HPVs) and typing of HPV-16 and -18 in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues of carcinoma cervix (CaCx).

Settings And Design: Cross-sectional observational study.

Materials And Methods: NMPCR was done for simultaneous detection of HPV, targeting 134 bp L1 capsid gene employing GP+/mGP+ primers and typing of genotypes-16 and -18, targeting E6/E7 gene from 34 FFPE tissue blocks of CaCx and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).

Carotenoid Biosynthetic Pathways Are Regulated by a Network of Multiple Cascades of Alternative Sigma Factors in Azospirillum brasilense Sp7.

Unlabelled: Carotenoids constitute an important component of the defense system against photooxidative stress in bacteria. In Azospirillum brasilense Sp7, a nonphotosynthetic rhizobacterium, carotenoid synthesis is controlled by a pair of extracytoplasmic function sigma factors (RpoEs) and their cognate zinc-binding anti-sigma factors (ChrRs). Its genome harbors two copies of the gene encoding geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (CrtE), the first critical step in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in bacteria.

Transcriptional targeting of human liver carboxylesterase (hCE1m6) and simultaneous expression of anti-BCRP shRNA enhances sensitivity of breast cancer cells to CPT-11.

Background: The major factor limiting the efficacy of breast cancer chemotherapy is multidrug resistance due to overexpression of the breast cancer resistance protein ATP-binding cassette, sub-family G (WHITE), member 2 (ABCG2). We hypothesized that conversion of camptothecin-11 (CPT-11) to its highly cytotoxic metabolite SN-38 by a mutant human carboxyl esterase (hCE1m6) specifically in cancer cells and inhibition of ABCG2 by anti-ABCG2 short hairpin RNA, leads to accumulation of a higher concentration of SN-38, resulting in higher therapeutic efficacy and less toxicity to normal cells.

Materials And Methods: A mutant human carboxyl esterase hCE1m6 with human telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter was integrated into the VISA (VP16-Gal4-WPRE) amplification system.

Characterization of the MSMEG_2631 gene (mmp) encoding a multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) family protein in Mycobacterium smegmatis and exploration of its polyspecific nature using biolog phenotype microarray.

In Mycobacterium, multidrug efflux pumps can be associated with intrinsic drug resistance. Comparison of putative mycobacterial transport genes revealed a single annotated open reading frame (ORF) for a multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) family efflux pump in all sequenced mycobacteria except Mycobacterium leprae. Since MATE efflux pumps function as multidrug efflux pumps by conferring resistance to structurally diverse antibiotics and DNA-damaging chemicals, we studied this gene (MSMEG_2631) in M.

A constitutively expressed pair of rpoE2-chrR2 in Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 is required for survival under antibiotic and oxidative stress.

Extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors (σ(E)) are known to bring about changes in gene expression to enable bacteria to adapt to different stresses. The Azospirillum brasilense Sp245 genome harbours nine genes encoding σ(E), of which two are adjacent to the genes encoding ChrR-type zinc-binding anti-sigma (ZAS) factors. We describe here the role and regulation of a new pair of rpoE-chrR, which was found in the genome of A.

RpoH2 sigma factor controls the photooxidative stress response in a non-photosynthetic rhizobacterium, Azospirillum brasilense Sp7.

Bacteria belonging to the Alphaproteobacteria normally harbour multiple copies of the heat shock sigma factor (known as σ(32), σ(H) or RpoH). Azospirillum brasilense, a non-photosynthetic rhizobacterium, harbours five copies of rpoH genes, one of which is an rpoH2 homologue. The genes around the rpoH2 locus in A.

An extracytoplasmic function sigma factor cotranscribed with its cognate anti-sigma factor confers tolerance to NaCl, ethanol and methylene blue in Azospirillum brasilense Sp7.

Azospirillum brasilense, a plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterium, is exposed to changes in its abiotic environment, including fluctuations in temperature, salinity, osmolarity, oxygen concentration and nutrient concentration, in the rhizosphere and in the soil. Since extra-cytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors play an important role in stress adaptation, we analysed the role of ECF sigma factor (also known as RpoE or σ(E)) in abiotic stress tolerance in A. brasilense.

Gene encoding gamma-carbonic anhydrase is cotranscribed with argC and induced in response to stationary phase and high CO2 in Azospirillum brasilense Sp7.

Background: Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is a ubiquitous enzyme catalyzing the reversible hydration of CO2 to bicarbonate, a reaction underlying diverse biochemical and physiological processes. Gamma class carbonic anhydrases (gamma-CAs) are widespread in prokaryotes but their physiological roles remain elusive. At present, only gamma-CA of Methanosarcina thermophila (Cam) has been shown to have CA activity.

Regulation of expression and biochemical characterization of a beta-class carbonic anhydrase from the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium, Azospirillum brasilense Sp7.

Carbonic anhydrase (CA; [EC 4.2.1.

Mutation in a gene encoding anti-sigma factor in A. brasilense confers tolerance to elevated temperature, antibacterial peptide and PEG-200 via carotenoid synthesis.

Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 has been shown to overproduce carotenoids if the anti-sigma factor (anti-sigma(E))-encoding gene is inactivated. The anti-sigma mutant (Car-1) of A. brasilense Sp7 was more tolerant to the stresses generated by elevated temperature (40 degrees C), PEG-200 (30 mg mL(-1)) and the antibacterial agent Polymyxin-B (PMB, 25 microg mL(-1)) but not to elevated salinity (15 mg mL(-1)).

An extra-cytoplasmic function sigma factor and anti-sigma factor control carotenoid biosynthesis in Azospirillum brasilense.

Strains Sp7 and Cd of Azospirillum brasilense, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium, differ in synthesis of carotenoids. While colonies of strain Sp7 have a white-cream colour on plates, colonies of strain Cd are orange-pink coloured because of the synthesis of carotenoids. Screening of a mini-Tn5 mutant library of A.

Strain-specific salt tolerance and osmoregulatory mechanisms in Azospirillum brasilense.

Salinity stress inhibits the growth and nitrogen fixation ability of the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Azospirillum brasilense. Five strains of A. brasilense were isolated from the rhizosphere of Indian cereals and grasses and identified on the basis of their phenotypic features and 16S rRNA gene sequence.