Approaches to the synthesis of heterocyclic -nucleosides.

This review is focused on the synthetic strategies to heterocyclic -nucleosides and covers the literature from 2011 to 2021. The main attention is paid to the following three approaches: the direct C-C coupling of a carbohydrate moiety with a preformed aglycon unit, the construction of a (pseudo)sugar residue on a pre-formed aglycon, and the construction of an aglycon on a pre-formed (pseudo)sugar. In each Section, the literature data are categorized in terms of the size of aglycon from simple to complex, the advantages and drawbacks of the reviewed approaches are discussed.

Pyrimido[1,2-]benzimidazoles: synthesis and perspective of their pharmacological use.

The review presents data on the synthesis as well as studies of biological activity of new derivatives of pyrimido[1,2-]benzimidazoles published over the last decade. The bibliography of the review includes 136 sources.

Cleaning of first mirrors in ITER by means of radio frequency discharges.

First mirrors of optical diagnostics in ITER are subject to charge exchange fluxes of Be, W, and potentially other elements. This may degrade the optical performance significantly via erosion or deposition. In order to restore reflectivity, cleaning by applying radio frequency (RF) power to the mirror itself and thus creating a discharge in front of the mirror will be used.

The role of the substantia nigra in cognitive activity in cats.

The role of the substantia nigra in cognitive processes of different levels of complexity was studied using an original method. Neurosurgical or neurochemical exclusion of the substantia nigra in cats led to significant impairment of conditioned reflex activity, generalization and abstraction processes; these recovered with pharmacological treatment directed to the dopaminergic system, with partial recovery after treatment directed to the GABAergic and cholinergic systems. Treatment directed to the serotoninergic system was ineffective.

[Behavioral therapy of ticks with negative reinforcement in children].

Thirty-two children suffering from motor and vocal ticks exhibited weakness and distonia of ticks-prone muscles were examined. Based on the results obtained earlier, a complex of physical exercises has been worked out and conducted for 20 days. The patients were divided into 3 groups: 1st (n = 10) group did the exercises daily for training the ticks-prone muscles; the 2nd one (n = 10) exercised only after tick's appearance--negative reinforcement; 3rd group (n = 12) did exercises after tick's appearance as well but on irregular basis--probable negative reinforcement.

[The role of substantia nigra in the cognitive activity in cats].

The role of substantia nigra (SN) in the cat cognitive activity of different complexity degree, was investigated by original technique. Neurosurgery or neurochemical SN switching off leads to reliable disturbances of condition, reflexes, generalization and abstraction. Rehabilitation was possible after pharmacological stimulation of dopaminergic, partly GABA-ergic, and cholinergic systems.

Comparison of the cholinergic system in neocortical field Ep in cats with strong and weak cognitive abilities.

Comparative analysis of the cholinergic system of the neocortex, consisting of the terminals of neurons from the magnocellular basal nuclei and intracortical neurons, in cats with strong and weak abilities to solve abstraction and generalization tasks was performed by isolating subfractions of synaptic membranes and synaptoplasm from "light" (C) and "heavy" (D) synaptosomes from associative field Ep and measuring choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities, protein content, and sulfhydryl group concentrations. These experiments showed that all measures were significantly lower in subfractions from C synaptosomes from cats with strong cognitive abilities. This leads to the conclusion that relatively small numbers of cholinergic synapses form in field Ep of the brains of cats with strong cognitive abilities, while their location in the C fraction demonstrates that they correspond to neurons of the magnocellular basal nuclei.

[Comparison of cholinergic systems in Ep neocortical regions of cats with high and low cognitive ability].

Cats were behaviorally tested for the ability to solve the abstraction and generalization tasks. Fractions of light (C) and heavy (D) synaptosomes of the associative temporal (Ep) areas were prepared, and subfractions of synaptic membranes and synaptoplasm were isolated. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and the content of protein and protein sulphydric (SH-) groups were measured in synaptic subfractions.

[The importance of the caudate-temporal chain in different forms of cognitive activity in animals].

Destruction of associative caudato-temporal chain was shown to cause disorders in perceptive gnostic functions and thinking processes in freely behaving cats.

Neuropharmacological correction of cognitive processes disrupted by extirpation of the AI-AII and Ep fields in cats.

An original neuropsychophysiological battery of tests was used to study the possibility of neuropharmacological correction of compensatory-restorative processes in cats after extirpation of a defined zone of the temporal cortex; studies were carried out in conditions of free behavior. In a variety of activation and inhibition regimes, systemic administration of cholinergic, dopaminergic, GABAergic, and serotoninergic agents could have favorable effects on restorative mechanisms, depending on cortical psycho-organic symptoms. Each cognitive activity studied (perception, gnosis, thought) had its own specific positive neuromediator "profile" in terms of compensatory outcomes.

Synaptic proteins of the temporal associative area of the neocortex of cats (field Ep) with normal and reduced cognitive capacities.

The upper, middle, and lower subfractions of the synaptic membranes and subfractions of the total synaptoplasm were isolated from fractions of light and heavy synaptosomes of the Ep fields of the cat brain. The content of protein and protein sulfhydryl (SH-) groups was determined spectrophotometrically in the subsynaptic fractions. The maximal content of the reactive SH-groups was detected in the upper membrane subfractions; this characterizes the structure of the membranes of cholinergic synapses that are primarily concentrated in them, and the minimal content was detected in the lower subfractions, primarily noncholinergic.

Disturbances in cognitive activity and its neuropharmacological correction in structural-functional insufficiency of the head of the caudate nucleus in cats.

The participation of the head of the caudate nucleus in the organization of praxis, perception, gnosis, and "ideational operations" has been demonstrated. The broad spectrum of dysfunctions observed in the presence of caudate insufficiency was eliminated by a specific set of psychotropic preparations acting on classical neuromediator systems of the brain of cats.

Cholinergic synapses of the associative temporal area of the neocortex in the realization of cognitive functions.

The activity of choline acetyltransferase in the subsynaptic fractions of light and heavy synaptosomes of the associative temporal areas of the neocortex of cats with varying capacities for the formation of preverbal concepts was investigated. With respect to the majority of the subfractions, differences were detected between animals with normal and decreased intellect. Some theoretical conclusions were drawn relative to the origin of the individual subfractions; the role of cholinergic synapses of the area in question in the realization of the function of generalization and abstraction is discussed.

[The synaptic proteins of the temporal associative area in the neocortex (field Ep) of cats with normal and decreased cognitive capacities].

Fractions of light and heavy synaptosomes were prepared from associative temporal area of cat brain, which were previously tested behaviorally for ability to solve the generalization, gnostic and abstraction tasks. The synaptic membrane subfractions and synaptoplasma fractions were isolated and the content of the total protein and of the demasked protein sulfhydryl groups (SH groups) was investigated spectrophotometrically. The maximal content of the demasked SH groups was revealed in the upper subfractions (mainly the membranes of cholinergic synapses) and minimal content--in the lower subfractions (mainly noncholinergic synapses).

[Disorders in cognitive activity and their neuropharmacological correction in structural-functional failure of the head of the caudate nucleus in cats].

The caudate nucleus' head was shown to take part in organisation of praxis, perception, gnosis and "thinking activity". A wide range of dysfunctions in the caudate insufficiency was abolished by a specific set of psychotropic drugs acting upon classic neurotransmitter systems of the cat brain.

[The cholinergic synapses of the associative temporal area of the neocortex in the realization of cognitive functions].

Subsynaptic fractions from light and heavy synaptosomes of the cat temporal associative cortex were tested for choline-acetyltransferase activity in respect to ability of preverbal notion formation. Most of the fractions revealed no connection with the intellectual capacity. Involvement of the cholinergic synapses of the temporal associative cortex in functions of generalisation and abstraction, is discussed.

[The participation of the projection areas of the temporal cortex in the sensory support of certain forms of cognitive processes].

In neuropsychophysiological and biochemical experiments was studied the role of the temporal cortex of the cat (AI, AII) in mnemonic, perceptive, gnostic functions, praxis, and the higher cognitive processes. The participation of the temporal fields in the mechanisms forming the gnostic imagery activity was shown.

The neuropharmacological restoration of cognitive functions of cats following a lesion to the basal nuclei of the forebrain (Meynert's nucleus).

The functions of generalization and abstraction in an experimental model of Alzheimer's disease (the lesion of Meynert's nuclei in cats) were studied against the background of stimulation and inhibition of the cholinergic, GABAergic, and dopaminergic systems of the brain. It was demonstrated that the cholinergic system is a key system for the formation of the function of generalization, the dopaminergic system improves simple forms of learning, while the GABAergic system is actively involved in the establishment of complex types of associations.

[Methods for the curative treatment of pleural empyema with bronchial fistulae in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis].

In contrast to non-specific pleural empyemas in which closed sanitization is sufficiently beneficial, an early application of thoracostoma is essential for patients with tuberculous pleural empyema with bronchial fistulas. Thoracostoma allows for effective sanitization of the cavity, long-term antituberculous chemotherapy and preparation of patients for radical operations. This has been supported by the comparative analysis of the outcomes of radical operations in 139 patients following closed and open management of the empyemic cavity in pulmonary tuberculosis.

A neuropharmacological analysis of compensatory-restorative processes in organic deficit of the parafascicular complex of the thalamus.

It has been demonstrated in freely behaving cats, on the basis of a model of the biological precursors of concrete and abstract thinking, that, in the presence of a neurosurgical lesion of various divisions of the parafascicular complex of the thalamus, the restoration of disturbed functions by neuropharmacological agents through an effect on dopamine-, choline-, and GABAergic systems is possible. There is specialization in the neurochemical pathways of the lateral and medial regions of the complex, which opens the possibility of the topical correction of psychopathology of the thalamic level.

[The neuropharmacological restoration of cognitive functions in cats after damage to the forebrain basal nuclei (Meynert's nucleus)].

The cognitive functions were studied on experimental model of Alzheimer's disease (destruction of the basal nuclei of Meynert in cats) using the stimulation and inhibition of Ach, GABA, and DA brain systems. Ach system was found to be essential to form generalization function, DA system to improve simple learning, and GABA system to involve in formation of complex associations.

[Effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygenation in the treatment of postresection bronchial fistulas].

The article discusses the results of treatment of 84 patients with postresection tuberculous pyothorax and bronchial fistulas with hyperbaric oxygenation session (HBO) included in the complex of therapeutic measures. As a result, the bronchial fistulas closed in 30 (35.7%) patients, the diameter of the fistulas reduced markedly in 20 (24.

[The importance of thoracostomy in treating pleural empyema with bronchial fistulae in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis].

In contrast to the nonspecific pleural empyemas, which are managed effectively by closed methods of débridement, management of patients with tuberculous pleural empyema and bronchial fistulas requires early application of thoracostoma, which allows cavity débridement, long-term antituberculous chemotherapy and preparation to radical surgery. This was confirmed by the comparative analysis of the results of radical operations after closed and open methods of management of empyema cavity in 139 patients. The site of thoracostoma application is determined by the location and size of an abscess and the forthcoming radical operation.