An Extension of the Bollinger Scoring System to Analyse the Distribution of Macrovascular Disease of the Lower Limb in Diabetes.

Objective: While it is generally considered that patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) have more distal peripheral arterial disease (PAD), there is little information on how individual vessels are affected. The aim of this study was to adapt Bollinger's scoring system for lower limb angiograms (DSAs) to include the distal and planter vessels. The reliability of this extension was tested and was used to compare the distribution of disease in two cohorts of patients with and without DM.

Pharmacological management of South Asians with type 2 diabetes: Consensus recommendations from the South Asian Health Foundation.

South Asians constitute approximately 1.6 billion people from the Indian subcontinent, comprising Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka; and make up the largest diaspora globally. Compared to the White European population, this group is at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes along with cardiovascular, renal and eye complications.

Managing hypertension in people of African origin with diabetes: Evaluation of adherence to NICE Guidelines.

Background: The pathophysiology of hypertension in people of African origin differs from other ethnicities. This effect may be exacerbated in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hence control of hypertension is particularly important in this population.

Aims: The primary aim was to evaluate the adherence to National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidance (National Guidelines NG28) for hypertension management in African origin patients with T2DM.

A Review of Distribution of Atherosclerosis in the Lower Limb Arteries of Patients With Diabetes Mellitus and Peripheral Vascular Disease.

Objective: There is a generally accepted hypothesis that patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) have a higher burden of atherosclerotic disease below the knee compared to patients without DM (NDM). The aim of this review was to summarize the evidence regarding this hypothesis.

Methods: The literature was searched for papers that compared the anatomical distribution of atherosclerotic disease in patients with DM and those without using radiological imaging.

Prescribing antibiotics in diabetic foot infection: what is the role of initial microscopy and culture of tissue samples?

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of microscopy, Gram stain and the culture of tissue samples in the antibiotic treatment of patients with diabetic foot infection. A retrospective review of patients with a diabetic foot infection was undertaken. Data analysed included the severity of infection, antibiotic prescribing patterns, microscopy and culture results.

The Difference Between the Healing and the Nonhealing Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Review of the Role of the Microcirculation.

Background: Diabetic foot disease carries a high morbidity and is a leading cause of lower limb amputation. This may in part be due to the effect diabetes mellitus (DM) has on the microcirculation including in the skin.

Method: We conducted a review of studies that have examined the relationship between microcirculatory function and wound healing in patients with DM.

Dapagliflozin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a review of the literature.

Objective: Dapagliflozin was the first drug in a class of therapies that took a new approach to glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D). It is an inhibitor of the sodium glucose cotransporter, resident in the proximal nephron, which is responsible for the recovery of filtered glucose back into circulation. Inhibiting this cotransporter reduces glucose recovery, increases glucose excretion, and reduces hyperglycemia.

In-hospital mortality and length of stay in patients with diabetes having foot disease.

Objective: We aimed to determine whether in-patient mortality and length of stay were greater in diabetes patients with foot disease compared to those without foot disease.

Methods: Retrospective data analysis of admissions over four years (2007-2010) to University Hospital Birmingham. Based on discharge diagnostic codes we grouped admissions into those 1) with amputation, 2) with foot disease and 3) without foot disease.