Incidence of aflatoxin M in cows' milk in Pakistan, effects on milk quality and evaluation of therapeutic management in dairy animals.

The present study was aimed at measuring the concentration of aflatoxin M (AFM) in the milk of Holstein Friesian cows, its effect on the milk quality and seasonal trends, as well as to investigate the efficacy of a commercial clay-based toxin binder. For this purpose, milk samples from dairy cows ( = 72) were collected and assayed for AFM before employing a clay-based toxin binder. The milk samples ( = 72) were collected from selected animals, revealing that 69.

Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among chefs working in restaurants of twins cities of Pakistan.

Background: In the recent era, musculoskeletal disorders have affected millions of people worldwide. Chefs and other workers of the catering industry are at high risk of physical stresses, which makes them susceptible to develop various musculoskeletal pains and disorders.

Objective: The aim of the study is to examine the frequency of musculoskeletal symptoms among chefs working in restaurants of Islamabad and Rawalpindi.