Design and Assessment of a Novel In Silico Approach for Developing a Next-Generation Multi-Epitope Universal Vaccine Targeting Coronaviruses.

In the past two decades, there have been three coronavirus outbreaks that have caused significant economic and health crises. Biologists predict that more coronaviruses may emerge in the near future. Therefore, it is crucial to develop preventive vaccines that can effectively combat multiple coronaviruses.

Oncolytic Virotherapy.

Oncolytic virotherapy opens up avenues for cancer treatment by selectively targeting the cancer cells and destructs them either through direct lysis or by inducing an immune response in the tumor microenvironment. This platform technology utilizes a diverse range naturally existing or genetically modified oncolytic viruses for their immunotherapeutic potential. Due to the limitations associated with the conventional cancer therapies, immunotherapies using oncolytic viruses (OVs) have generated a great deal of interest in the modern era.

Prediction and analysis of multi epitope based vaccine against Newcastle disease virus based on haemagglutinin neuraminidase protein.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an avian orthoavulavirus, is a causative agent of Newcastle disease named (NDV), and can cause even the epidemics when disease is not treated. Previously several vaccines based on attenuated and inactivated viruses have been reported which are rendered useless with the passage of time due to versatile changes in viral genome. Therefore, we aimed to develop an effective multi-epitope vaccine against the haemagglutinin neuraminidase (HN) protein of 26 NDV strains from Pakistan through a modern immunoinformatic approaches.

Prediction of conserved sites and domains in glycoproteins B, C and D of herpes viruses.

Glycoprotein B (gB), C (gC) and D (gD) of herpes simplex virus are implicated in virus adsorption and penetration. The gB, gC and gD are glycoproteins for different processes of virus binding and attachment to the host cells. Moreover, their expression is necessary and sufficient to induce cell fusion in the absence of other glycoproteins.

Comparison of the immunogenicity of two inactivated recombinant rabies viruses overexpressing the glycoprotein.

Two recombinant rabies viruses overexpressing their glycoprotein (G) were compared in this study, with the overexpressed G inserted between P and M genes (named LBNSE-PM-G), and between the G and L genes (named LBNSE-GL-G), respectively. LBNSE-PM-G produced more G protein and induced stronger apoptosis than LBNSE-GL-G in infected cells, while the amount of virion-incorporated G in LBNSE-PM-G was less than in LBNSE-GL-G. Mice immunized with inactivated LBNSE-PM-G produced lower titers of virus-neutralizing antibody, and this recombinant conferred worse protection than LBNSE-GL-G.

Identification and Comparison of Receptor Binding Characteristics of the Spike Protein of Two Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Strains.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a member of Alphacoronavirus, has caused huge economic losses for the global pork industry recently. The spike (S) protein mediates PEDV entry into host cells. Herein, we investigated the interactions between the S protein and its receptor porcine aminopeptidase N (pAPN) or co-receptor sugars.

The Yin and Yang of Antiviral Innate Immunity in Central Nervous System.

The innate immune system provides protection against invading neurotropic viruses. It acts as the first line of defense against invading viruses and plays an elementary role in their pathogenesis. The list of viruses capable of infecting human central nervous system (CNS) is quite long, most important of them are Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV), rabies virus, West Nile virus (WNV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), St.