Amphibian mast cells serve as barriers to chytrid fungus infections.

Global amphibian declines are compounded by deadly disease outbreaks caused by the chytrid fungus, (). Much has been learned about the roles of amphibian skin-produced antimicrobial components and microbiomes in controlling , yet almost nothing is known about the roles of skin-resident immune cells in anti- defenses. Mammalian mast cells reside within and serve as key immune sentinels in barrier tissues like skin.

A perspective into the relationships between amphibian () myeloid cell subsets.

Macrophage (M)-lineage cells are integral to the immune defences of all vertebrates, including amphibians. Across vertebrates, M differentiation and functionality depend on activation of the colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF1) receptor by CSF1 and interluekin-34 (IL34) cytokines. Our findings to date indicate that amphibian () Ms differentiated with CSF1 and IL34 are morphologically, transcriptionally and functionally distinct.

Amphibian myelopoiesis.

Macrophage-lineage cells are indispensable to immunity and physiology of all vertebrates. Amongst these, amphibians represent a key stage in vertebrate evolution and are facing decimating population declines and extinctions, in large part due to emerging infectious agents. While recent studies indicate that macrophages and related innate immune cells are critically involved during these infections, much remains unknown regarding the ontogeny and functional differentiation of these cell types in amphibians.

A comparison of amphibian (Xenopus laevis) tadpole and adult frog macrophages.

The amphibian declines are compounded by emerging pathogens that often preferentially target distinct amphibian developmental stages. While amphibian immune responses remain relatively unexplored, macrophage (Mφ)-lineage cells are believed to be important to both amphibian host defenses and to their pathogen infection strategies. As such, a greater understanding of tadpole and adult amphibian Mφ functionality is warranted.

Endogenous Retroviruses Augment Amphibian (Xenopus laevis) Tadpole Antiviral Protection.

The global amphibian declines are compounded by infections with members of the genus such as Frog Virus 3 (FV3). Premetamorphic anuran amphibians are believed to be significantly more susceptible to FV3 while this pathogen targets the kidneys of both pre- and postmetamorphic animals. Paradoxically, FV3-challenged Xenopus laevis tadpoles exhibit lower kidney viral loads than adult frogs.

Assessment of Plasmodium falciparum Artemisinin Resistance Independent of Polymorphisms and with Escalating Malaria in Bangladesh.

Emerging resistance to artemisinin drugs threatens the elimination of malaria. Resistance is widespread in South East Asia (SEA) and Myanmar. Neighboring Bangladesh, where 90% of infections occur in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHTs), lacks recent assessment.

The Roles of Amphibian () Macrophages during Chronic Frog Virus 3 Infections.

Infections by Frog Virus 3 (FV3) and other ranavirus genus members are significantly contributing to global amphibian decline. The frog is an ideal research platform upon which to study the roles of distinct frog leukocyte populations during FV3 infections. Frog macrophages (MΦs) are integrally involved during FV3 infection, as they facilitate viral dissemination and persistence but also participate in immune defense against this pathogen.

Amphibian () Tadpoles and Adult Frogs Differ in Their Antiviral Responses to Intestinal Frog Virus 3 Infections.

The global amphibian declines are compounded by ranavirus infections such as Frog Virus 3 (FV3), and amphibian tadpoles more frequently succumb to these pathogens than adult animals. Amphibian gastrointestinal tracts represent a major route of ranavirus entry, and viral pathogenesis often leads to hemorrhaging and necrosis within this tissue. Alas, the differences between tadpole and adult amphibian immune responses to intestinal ranavirus infections remain poorly defined.

Insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti in Bangladesh.

Background: Arboviral diseases, including dengue and chikungunya, are major public health concerns in Bangladesh where there have been unprecedented levels of transmission reported in recent years. The primary approach to control these diseases is to control the vector Aedes aegypti using pyrethroid insecticides. Although chemical control has long been practiced, no comprehensive analysis of Ae.

Investigation of antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity profiling of a Bangladeshi plant Syzygium cymosum.

Introduction: The persistent increase of resistance to existing antimalarials underscores the needs for new drugs. Historically, most of the successful antimalarial are derived from plants. The leaves of the S.

Presence of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance among Escherichia coli strains isolated from human pit sludge.

Introduction: In Bangladesh, human sludge from dry pit latrines is commonly applied directly to agricultural lands as manure. This study was conducted to investigate the presence of antibiotic resistance, virulence factors and plasmid contents of E. coli strains isolated from sludge samples.