Four model variants within a continuous forensic DNA mixture interpretation framework: Effects on evidential inference and reporting.

Continuous mixture interpretation methods that employ probabilistic genotyping to compute the Likelihood Ratio (LR) utilize more information than threshold-based systems. The continuous interpretation schemes described in the literature, however, do not all use the same underlying probabilistic model and standards outlining which probabilistic models may or may not be implemented into casework do not exist; thus, it is the individual forensic laboratory or expert that decides which model and corresponding software program to implement. For countries, such as the United States, with an adversarial legal system, one can envision a scenario where two probabilistic models are used to present the weight of evidence, and two LRs are presented by two experts.

Quality of Colonoscopy and Spectrum of Lower Gastrointestinal Disease as Determined by Colonoscopy.

Objective: To document the quality of colonoscopy practice and the pattern of colonic disease including polyp detection rate at Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Study Design: An observational study.

Place And Duration Of Study: Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan, from May 2013 to June 2014.

Comparison of once a day rifaximin to twice a day dosage in the prevention of recurrence of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with chronic liver disease.

Background: Rifaximin has been used for prevention of recurrence of hepatic encephalopathy in twice a day dosage. The drug is expensive and lower dising may be possible.

Objective: To determine the efficacy of rifaximin once a day dose in the prevention of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in patients with liver cirrhosis as compared with twice daily dose of rifaximin.

Renal failure in patients with end stage liver disease and its impact on clinical outcome.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of renal failure (RF) in the patients of end stage liver disease (ESLD), to determine the causes of RF in these patients and its impact on patient's outcome.

Study Design: Descriptive, analytical study.

Place And Duration Of Study: Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan, from May 2011 to March 2013.

Effect of hepatitis B vaccination in patients with chronic hepatitis C.

Objective: To assess the effects of hepatitis B vaccination on the antibody titer in patients with chronic hepatitis C and to compare it with response in normal healthy subjects.

Study Design: Interventional study.

Place And Duration Of Study: Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan, from January 2007 to January 2012.

Cancer Antigen-125 as a marker of ascites in patients with liver cirrhosis.

Objective: To evaluate the correlation between Cancer Antigen-25 (CA-125) levels with the amount of ascites in patients with liver cirrhosis.

Study Design: Observational, analytical study.

Place And Duration Of Study: Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, from March 2012 to February 2013.

Ammonia levels and the severity of hepatic encephalopathy.

Objective: To evaluate the correlation between ammonia levels with the severity of HE in patients coming to the tertiary care hospital with liver cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy (HE).

Study Design: Descriptive, analytical study.

Place And Duration Of Study: Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, from January 2011 to February 2012.

Correlation of hyponatremia with hepatic encephalopathy and severity of liver disease.

Objective: To assess the frequency of low serum sodium levels and to correlate it with the severity of liver disease and hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in patients coming to the tertiary care hospital.

Study Design: Observational study.

Place And Duration Of Study: Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, from January 2011 to January 2012.

Treatment of decompensated cirrhosis secondary to hepatitis C with antiviral therapy.

Objective: To treat decompensated hepatitis C patient with interferon, ribavirin and amantidine to ascertain the sustained viral response.

Study Design: Descriptive study.

Place And Duration Of Study: Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, from January 2007 to January 2012.

Factors affecting patient satisfaction during endoscopic procedures.

Objective: To assess the quality and patient satisfaction in Endoscopy Unit of Shifa International Hospital.

Study Design: Cross-sectional survey.

Place And Duration Of Study: Division of Gastroenterology, Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan, from July 2011 to January 2012.

Hepatocellular carcinoma after sustained viral response to interferon and ribavirin therapy in cirrhosis secondary to chronic hepatitis C.

Objective: To determine the frequency of development of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease secondary to hepatitis C who had achieved sustained virological response with Interferon and Ribavirin therapy.

Study Design: Retrospective descriptive study.

Place And Duration Of Study: Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan, from January 2007 to January 2012.

Severity of depression in hepatitis B and hepatitis C patients.

Objective: To assess and compare the severity of depression in chronic hepatitis B (CHB), chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and healthy subjects.

Study Design: Comparative study.

Place And Duration Of Study: Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad from July 2011 to February 2012.