Extracellular vesicles and exosome: insight from physiological regulatory perspectives.

The current study highlights prospective mechanisms of biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and potential involvement in cellular signaling and transport with great emphasis to illustrate their role as biomarkers in certain pathologies. The current review highlights EVs, the heterogeneous entities secreted by cells in highly conserved manner. A series of consensus terminologies for various types is yet to be organized.

Association of life style and dietary habits with blood choline and cardiovascular outcome.

Whole-blood choline, plasma choline and serum choline are emerging biomarkers in cardiovascular diseases (CVD). To examine the association of Whole-blood choline is an early predictor for cardiac events. In case control study, we enrolled 240 individuals including 120 normal (39 females and 82 males) and 120 cases (49 females and 71 males) where age limit was >40 years) Information through interviews, family disease history, 24 recall diet assessment and blood sampling.

Genetic Diversity of Canine Species Prevalent in Pet Dogs of Punjab, Pakistan.

Canine babesiosis is a serious threat to dogs' health worldwide, caused by the intra-erythrocytic species. The present study was carried out in pet dogs presented at three clinics of Lahore and one of Narowal in Punjab, Pakistan. Two hundred blood samples (50 from each clinic) were collected and screened by microscopy for spp.

Molecular Epidemiology and Prevalence of Theileria lestoquardi and Theileria ovis Infection in Goats Infested With Tick Vectors From Multan, Pakistan.

Caprine theileriosis is a major production problem in regions of the world that rely on goats as a major source of milk, meat, and other means of economic income. Theileria ovis and Theileria lestoquardi are responsible for caprine theileriosis in Pakistan. The present study examined the prevalence of Theileria spp.

Prevalence and risk factors for IgG antibodies to Neospora spp. in three types of equids from Southern Punjab, Pakistan.

Equine hosts suffer from neurological disease, congenital infection, and reproductive problems associated with Neospora spp. infection. We conducted a cross sectional study using sera from 631 equids (324 horses, 218 donkeys and 89 mules) from the southern region of Punjab province, Pakistan to determine the prevalence of antibodies against Neospora spp.

Prevalence of , , and Species DNA in the Heart and Breast Muscles of Rock Pigeons .

Little is known about the prevalence of protozoan parasites in the muscles of rock pigeons . The muscles from 54 (heart from 45 and breast from 54) rock pigeons were examined for DNA of , and species using PCR. Twenty-four were female and 30 were males.

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Metropolitan City of Multan, Pakistan, a Neglected Tropical Disease.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a vector-borne infection caused by flagellated parasitic protozoans in the genus Leishmania. Promastigotes are the infective stage, which are transmitted by the bite of female sand flies of the genera Phlebotomus or Lutzomyia. Three clinical forms of Leishmania infection are recognized in humans, and they are caused by different Leishmania species.

Prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in the serum of camels (Camelus dromedarius) from central Punjab, Pakistan.

Infection with the Apicomplexan parasite Neospora caninum occurs in domestic and wild animals worldwide. This parasite causes significant economic losses in the dairy industry worldwide. The current study was designed to assess the prevalence of N.

Entamoeba infections in different populations of dogs in an endemic area of Lahore, Pakistan.

Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan parasite that affects humans and other primates all over the world. It is a common waterborne pathogen in endemic areas that have fecal oral transmission cycle. The aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence of E.

Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica -like cysts compared to E. histolytica antigens detected by ELISA in the stools of 600 patients from three socioeconomic communities in the Metropolitan City of Lahore, Pakistan.

Amoebiasis, caused by Entamoeba histolytica , has a worldwide distribution and is of public health significance in many developing countries. It has a fecal-oral transmission cycle and is most prevalent in developing countries in regions where substandard sanitary conditions exist due to poverty. Little is known about the epidemiology of E.

Neospora caninum prevalence in dogs raised under different living conditions.

Neospora caninum is an important cause of abortion in dairy cattle worldwide. Dogs are important in the epidemiology of N. caninum because they act as definitive hosts shedding oocysts in the environment.

Effects of age and breed on the prevalence of Neospora caninum in commercial dairy cattle from Pakistan.

Neospora caninum is a major cause of bovine abortion worldwide. A serological survey was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of exposure to N. caninum in dairy cattle based on age and breed from Punjab and Sindh provinces, Pakistan.

Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum and Brucella abortus in dairy cattle herds with high abortion rates.

The protozoan Neospora caninum and the bacterium Brucella abortus are well-recognized causes of abortion in dairy cattle. Serum samples (n  =  240) from aborting (n  =  141) and at-risk (n  =  99) animals from 5 herds with high abortion rates in Punjab Province, Pakistan, were tested for antibodies to N. caninum using monoclonal antibody-based ELISA and for antibodies to B.