Comparative investigation of the catalytic application of α/β/γ-MnO nanoparticles synthesized by green and chemical approaches.

Three phases (α, β, and γ) of manganese dioxide (MnO) are successfully stabilized in a single entity for the first time. For this purpose, Citrullus colocynthis (bitter apple) extract is used as a natural surfactant in green synthesis. MnO nanoparticles were synthesized in the presence and absence of plant extracts under the same conditions.