Frailty Syndrome in Patients with Carotid Disease: Simplifying How We Calculate Frailty.

Background: Frailty syndrome is an established predictor of adverse outcomes after carotid surgery. Recently, a modified 5-factor National Surgical Quality Improvement Program frailty index has been used; however, its utility in vascular procedures is unclear. The aim of our study was to compare the 5-factor modified frailty index (mFI-5) with the 11-factor modified frailty index (mFI-11) regarding value and predictive ability for mortality, postoperative infection, and unplanned 30-day readmission.

Perceptions of students in different phases of medical education of the educational environment: Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin.

Background: The Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) was planned and designed to quantify the educational environment precisely for medical schools and health-related professional schools. DREEM is now considered a valid and reliable tool, which is globally accepted for measuring the medical educational environment. The educational environment encountered by students has an impact on satisfaction with the course of study, perceived sense of well-being, aspirations, and academic achievement.