Recent insights into pesticide resistance mechanisms in Plutella xylostella and possible management strategies.

Insects are incredibly successful and diverse organisms, but they also pose a significant threat to agricultural crops, causing potential losses of up to US$470 billion. Among these pests, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus), a devastating insect that attacks cruciferous vegetables, alone results in monetary losses of around US$4-5 billion worldwide. While insecticides have effectively protected plants under field conditions, their use comes with various environmental and mammalian hazards.

Inoculation of Azospirillum brasilense and exogenous application of trans-zeatin riboside alleviates arsenic induced physiological damages in wheat (Triticum aestivum).

Due to increased industrialization, arsenic (As) in the soil has become a serious issue for wheat production since past few decades. We investigated the role of Azospirillum brasilense and trans-zeatin riboside (tZR) in the mitigation of arsenic toxicity in wheat for 2 years (2018-2019 and 2019-2020) in pot experiments. Wheat plants grown in soil artificially spiked with arsenic (50, 70, and 100 μM) was left alone or amended with A.

Molecular Evidence for the Fitness of Cotton Aphid, in Response to Elevated CO From the Perspective of Feeding Behavior Analysis.

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) concentration is likely to influence insect-plant interactions. Aphid, as a typical phloem-feeding herbivorous insect, has shown consistently more positive responses in fitness to elevated CO concentrations than those seen in leaf-chewing insects. But, little is known about the mechanism of this performance.

Rice Leaf Folder Larvae Alter Their Shelter-Building Behavior and Shelter Structure in Response to Heat Stress.

Behavioral thermoregulation is a key strategy for insects to cope with heat stress. The rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae usually fold one leaf to construct a leaf shelter. The larvae are vulnerable to heat stress, and the temperature in summer is often beyond the optimal range of them.

Impacts of elevated CO on exogenous Bacillus thuringiensis toxins and transgene expression in transgenic rice under different levels of nitrogen.

Recent studies have highlighted great challenges of transgene silencing for transgenic plants facing climate change. In order to understand the impacts of elevated CO on exogenous Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins and transgene expression in transgenic rice under different levels of N-fertilizer supply, we investigated the biomass, exogenous Bt toxins, Bt-transgene expression and methylation status in Bt rice exposed to two levels of CO concentrations and nitrogen (N) supply (1/8, 1/4, 1/2, 1 and 2 N). It is elucidated that the increased levels of global atmospheric CO concentration will trigger up-regulation of Bt toxin expression in transgenic rice, especially with appropriate increase of N fertilizer supply, while, to some extent, the exogenous Bt-transgene expression is reduced at sub-N levels (1/4 and 1/2N), even though the total protein of plant tissues is reduced and the plant growth is restricted.

Behavioural adaptation of the rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis to short-term heat stress.

Under ongoing climate warming, both the degree and number of high-temperature events in summer may increase, and behavioural adaptation is an important ecological strategy employed by insects to cope with such events. The rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Güenée, is a serious insect pest of rice fields in summer. Population outbreaks have become more frequent in the last ten years.

Vespidae (Hymenoptera) of the Pothwar region of Punjab, Pakistan .

Six genera and nine species of Eumeninae (Eumenes punctatus de Saussure, E. papillarius (Christ), Delta dimidiatipenne (de Saussure), D. p.