Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Chick Embryo: Immunomodulatory, Hepatic and Biochemical Alterations.

Background: The utilization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO NPs) has significantly increased across various industries.

Objectives: This study rigorously explored the impact of TiO NPs exposure on chicken embryos, focusing particularly on alterations in the immune system, liver functionality and key biochemical markers.

Methods: The study involved three groups of 30 eggs each, subjected to increasing doses of TiO NPs: Group C (control), Group T1 (150 µg/mL) and Group T2 (300 µg/mL).