[The Prognostic Role of Biomarkers in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure].

Objective Investigate the role of biomarkers in the prognosis of the clinical course of the disease in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) of different NYHA functional classes (FC).Material and Methods The study included 132 patients with CHF: Group 1 was composed of 70 patients with NYHA FC II CHF, and Group 2 included 62 patients with FC III-IV CHF. The patients underwent clinical, instrumental, functional, and laboratory measurements, which included serum concentrations of NT-proBNP, ST-2, galectin-3, and C-reactive protein.

Authorship: From credit to accountability - Reflections from the Editors' network.

The Editors' Network of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) provides a dynamic forum for editorial discussions and endorses the recommendations of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) to improve the scientific quality of biomedical journals. Authorship confers credit and important academic rewards. Recently, however, the ICMJE emphasized that authorship also requires responsibility and accountability.

Authorship: From credit to accountability. Reflections from the Editors' Network.

The Editors' Network of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) provides a dynamic forum for editorial discussions and endorses the recommendations of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) to improve the scientific quality of biomedical journals. Authorship confers credit and important academic rewards. Recently, however, the ICMJE emphasized that authorship also requires responsibility and accountability.

Authorship: From Credit to Accountability Reflections From the Editors´ Network.

The Editors´ Network of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) provides a dynamic forum for editorial discussions and endorses the recommendations of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) to improve the scientific quality of biomedical journals. Authorship confers credit and important academic rewards. Recently, however, the ICMJE emphasized that authorship also requires responsibility and accountability.

Authorship: from credit to accountability. Reflections from the Editors' Network.

The Editors' Network of the European Society of Cardiology provides a dynamic forum for editorial discussions and endorses the recommendations of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) to improve the scientific quality of biomedical journals. Authorship confers credit and important academic rewards. Recently, however, the ICMJE emphasized that authorship also requires responsibility and accountability.

[Progression of Chronic Heart Failure: Prognostic Criteria and Non-Drug Prevention].

Purpose: to study frequency of progression of chronic heart failure (CHF), to develop multifactorial models for evaluation of risk of progression, and measures of non-drug secondary prevention of CHF.

Materials And Methods: We included in this study 531 patients with functional class (FC) I-III CHF (FC I - n=254, FC II - n=255, FC III - n=22). Examination included clinical-instrumental, clinical-functional, and laboratory (with determination of NT-proBNP concentration) investigations, use of the AUDIT and Morisky Green questionnaires.

Authorship: from credit to accountability. Reflections from the Editors' Network.

The Editors' Network of the European Society of Cardiology provides a dynamic forum for editorial discussions and endorses the recommendations of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) to improve the scientific quality of biomedical journals. Authorship confers credit and important academic rewards. Recently, however, the ICMJE emphasized that authorship also requires responsibility and accountability.

Coexistence an aberrant right subclavian artery with other congenital anomalies: case report and review of the literature.

Aberrant right subclavian artery is the most common aortic arch anomaly that frequently occurs in coexistence with other congenital cardiovascular anomalies. A 32-year-old male patient was hospitalized with ventricular septal defect, chronic heart failure NYHA class III, pulmonary arterial hypertension. Contrast-enhanced multislice computed tomography revealed membranous ventricular septal defect, persistent left superior vena cava, bicuspid aortic valve and aberrant right subclavian artery.

[Arterial Hypertension and Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase C677T Gene Polymorphism].

Objective: to determine the association of polymorphisms of C677T methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene with essential arterial hypertension (EH) in the group of patients of Belarusian ethnicity.

Methods: The clinical examination and molecular genetic study of the polymorphism C677T of MTHFR gene by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis were performed in 423 people, including 315 patients with EH and 108 healthy individuals.

Results: The distribution of C and T alleles of polymorphism C677T of the MTHFR gene in hypertensive patients was 67.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) mediates cardioprotection by remote ischaemic conditioning.

Aims: Although the nature of the humoral factor which mediates cardioprotection established by remote ischaemic conditioning (RIc) remains unknown, parasympathetic (vagal) mechanisms appear to play a critical role. As the production and release of many gut hormones is modulated by the vagus nerve, here we tested the hypothesis that RIc cardioprotection is mediated by the actions of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1).

Methods And Results: A rat model of myocardial infarction (coronary artery occlusion followed by reperfusion) was used.

[CARDIOPROTRECTIVE EFFECT OF REMOTE POSTCONDITIONING: MECHANISMS AND POSSIBILITIES OF CLINICAL APPLICATION].

Experimental data indicate that postconditioning at a distance is an effective method for cardiac protection against reperfusion injury. Remote postconditioning prevents reperfusion necrosis and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, decreases a probability of postinfarction remodeling of the heart. Cardioprotective effect of remote postconditioning depends on the release of tissue factor(s) increasing cardiac tolerance to long-term ischemia-reperfusion after transient ischemia.

[Remote preconditioning phenomenon. prospects for use in pathology of lung and gastrointestinal tract].

The literature data on the effectiveness of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIP) in the prevention of lung injury are contradictory. Authors of some works argue that RIP prevents lung damage during surgical interventions, the authors of other publications claim that the RIP does not protect lung against pathological processes. It is obvious that there is an urgent need for multicenter, randomized trials aimed at studying RIP protective effects against pathological processes in lung.

[Neuroprotective and nephroprotective effects of remote postconditioning: Prospects for clinical use].

The results of experimental and clinical studies strongly suggest that remote ischemic preconditioning (RIP) has no neuroprotective effect during cardiac surgery performed under extracorporeal circulation. Remote preconditioning (RP) has no neuroprotective effect in hemorrhagic stroke. A randomized multicenter study is needed to evaluate the efficiency RIP in patients with ischemic stroke.

[Opioids--triggers of adaptive phenomenon of ischemic preconditioning of heart].

It was established that short-term ischemia/reperfusion evokes an increase in myocardial tissue of enkephalin levels. A blockade of delta-opioid receptors abolishes the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning both in vivo and in vitro. An inhibition of kappa-opioid receptors abolishes the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning only in vitro.

[Perspective of use of agonists of adenosine and opioid receptors for prevention of reperfusion damages of heart. Analysis of experimental and clinical data].

In Russia inhospital lethality after acute myocardial infarction is 16.5-16.7%.

Distinct cardioprotective mechanisms of immediate, early and delayed ischaemic postconditioning.

Cardioprotection against ischaemia/reperfusion injury in mice can be achieved by delayed ischaemic postconditioning (IPost) applied as late as 30 min after the onset of reperfusion. We determined the efficacy of delayed IPost in a rat model of myocardial infarction (MI) and investigated potential underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon. Rats were subjected to 20, 30 or 45 min of coronary artery occlusion followed by 120 min of reperfusion (I/R).

[Antioxidant status and glutathione redox potential of erythrocytes in patients with acute coronary syndrome].

Indicators of oxidative stress (OS), systemic inflammation, metabolism and redox status of glutathione (GSH) were investigated and compared in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction on electrocardiograms (STEMI), and patients with unstable angina (UA). The elevated and decreased myeloperoxidase level, superoxide dismutase activity, and moderate increased plasma levels of interleukin-6, while maintaining the antioxidant potential, were found in Group 1. Disorders in pro-/antioxidant balance and systemic inflammatory response were manifested in UA.

[Cardioprotective effect of remote postconditioning: mechanisms and possibility of clinical application].

Experimental data indicate that postconditioning at distance is an effective method of cardiac protection against reperfusion injury. Remote postconditioning prevents reperfusion necrosis and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, decreases probability of postinfarction remodeling of the heart. Cardioprotective effect of remote postconditioning is depended on release from tissues after transient ischemia of humoral factor(s) increasing cardiac tolerance to long-term ischemia-reperfusion.

[Protein kinases role in adaptive phenomenon of heart ischemic postconditioning development].

Authors submitted an analysis of papers given up an involvement of protein kinases in heart ischemic postconditioning. This analysis of literature source allowed to authors affirms that signaling system of postconditioning can involve kinases: PKC, PI3K, Akt, MEKl/2, ERK1/2, MTOR, p70s6K, GSK3b, PKG and also eNOS, NO, GC, motoKATP channel, ROS, MPT pore. At the same time it is unclear a real contributions of kinases mTOR, p70s6, AMPK and GSK3b in the mechanism of infarct limiting impact of postconditioning.

[Adaptive phenomenon of ischemic postconditioning of the heart. Perspectives of clinical use].

Analysis of experimental data indicates that aging, metabolic syndrome may be serious obstacle against realization of cardioprotective effect of postconditioning. The moderate hypercholesterolemia, postinfarction cardiosclerosis and cardiac hypertrophy do not abolish protective effect of postconditioning in experimental animals. The issue whether diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension affect an efficacy of postconditioning is a subject of discussion.

[Trigger mechanism of adaptive phenomenon of ischemic heart postconditioning].

Analysis of published data indicates on trigger role of protons, adenosine, opioids, bradykinin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, nitric oxide, epoxyeicosatrienoic acid, reactive oxygen species, hydrogen sulfide in ischemic heart postconditioning. It is shown that B-type natriuretic peptide, transforming growth factor-beta1, cardiotrophin-1, urocortin, acetylcholine, insulin and carbon monoxide can mimic postconditioning phenomenon.

[Phenomenon of heart ischemic postconditioning].

Authors of review analyzed papers on problem of heart ischemic postconditioning. In the review, it was demonstrated that postconditioning decreased an infarct size, prevented cardiomyocytes apoptosis, improved cardiac contractility in reperfusion period, augmented cardiac tolerance to arrhythmogenic impact ofreperfusion, prevented neutrophil invasion into the reperfused heart, abolished reperfusion endothelial dysfunction and suppressed reperfusion oxidative stress in myocardium.

[Conflict of interest policies and disclosure requirements among European Society of Cardiology national cardiovascular journals].

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is used by biomedical journals to guarantee credibility and transparency of the scientific process. Conflict of interest disclosure, however, is not systematically nor consistently dealt with by journals. Recent joint editorial efforts paved the way towards the implementation of uniform vehicles for conflicts of interest disclosure.