Facial measurements: A guide for vertical dimension.

Background: Leonardo de Vinci contributed several observations and drawings on facial proportion and the lower one third of the face. Many facial and body measurements to determine vertical dimension at occlusion. These facial measurements can be implemented in construction of complete denture patients.

Evaluation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β levels among subjects vaping e-cigarettes and nonsmokers.

Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate peri-implant immunological parameters along with clinical and radiographic parameters amongst subjects vaping e-cigarettes and nonsmokers (NS). Two immunological parameters that were included were measurement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β.

Materials And Methods: A statistically significant number of subjects were included in the study and further divided into two groups: Group-1: Vaping e-cigs ( = 47) Group-2: Nonsmokers ( = 45) A structured questionnaire was used at baseline for data collection related to demographic and peri-implant data of each individual.