Using Micro-learning on Mobile Applications to Increase Knowledge Retention and Work Performance: A Review of Literature.

Micro-learning is an educational teaching method used to train users on multiple platforms. This article will provide a brief introduction to the concepts of short-term and long-term memory, and explain how micro-learning can be used to increase retention in learners. Micro-lessons can aid in negating the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve and can use reintroduction to keep retention at significantly higher levels.

Surgical approach for suprasellar hemangioblastomas preserving the pituitary stalk: Review of the literature and report of a further case.

Hemangioblastomas (HBLs) are challenging vascular tumours with rare suprasellar location Surgery is recommended in patients with visual impairment, endocrine disorders or hydrocephalus. Surgical removal of pituitary stalk HBLs is challenging due to their location and high vascularity. Our narrative review was guided by the question: "what is the more suitable surgical approach to excise a suprasellar HBL?".

Neuropsychiatry in Demyelination Disease: Using Depression as a Prodrome for Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder where the body attacks its own insulating myelin sheaths covering the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. MS patients show signs of mental illness via emotional blunting, liability, apathy, depression, irritability, and psychosis. Many psychiatrists have noted that the symptomatology of mood disorder is very similar to early signs of MS.

Mycotic Pseudoaneurysm Associated with Skull Base Osteomyelitis Treated with Endovascular Embolization.

Pseudoaneurysms occur due to malformations in arterial wall uniformity, leading to blood collection between the outer arterial layers and resultant outpouching of the vessel. Unlike true aneurysms, pseudoaneurysms do not involve all layers of the blood vessel. Mycotic pseudoaneurysms can occur after associated vessel adventitia infection, leading to transmural dissection.

Percutaneous Vertebral Artery Access for Embolization of Cerebrovascular Disease: Illustrative Case and Operative Technique.

Intracranial arteriovenous malformations can be further complicated by the development of aneurysms, which themselves carry the risk of rupture and hemorrhage. New endovascular techniques allow for more treatment options for these lesions in the setting of arteriovenous malformations. Here we present the case of a patient who developed an aneurysm in the setting of an arteriovenous malformation and subsequently underwent successful endovascular treatment via percutaneous access of the vertebral artery along with reviewing the literature on further treatment options and developments.

Large Transcalvarial Meningioma: Surgical Resection Aided by Preoperative Embolization.

Meningiomas are the most common type of primary brain tumors, accounting for about 30% of all brain tumors. Meningiomas originate from the meninges and can be associated with any part of the skull. Classification of meningiomas is based upon the World Health Organization (WHO) classification system and prognosis of meningiomas can be determined via histologic grading.