In Vitro and In Silico Anthelmintic Activity of Extracts of and on .

The aim of this study was to assess the anthelmintic activity of and , on a nematode model, to promote their use in the Cameroonian pharmacopoeia for the treatment of helminthiases. One nematode was used, . First, the effect of the extracts on the eggs and larval stages (L1, L2, and L3) of was evaluated, 100 L of extract and 100 L of parasite suspension (containing 50 eggs) were mixed in a 96-well microplate.

Use of multivariate analysis to identify phytoplankton bioindicators of stream water quality in the monomodal equatorial agroecological zone of Cameroon.

The aquatic ecosystem is compromised by many contaminants that may reduce ecosystem functions and severely affect human health. This study aimed at determining suitable phytoplankton bioindicators of water quality for biomonitoring of freshwater streams in the monomodal agroecological zone of Cameroon. Water physicochemical and hydrological parameters, together with phytoplankton abundance and diversity, were measured from June 2016 to May 2017 along the Benoe Stream.

Effect of Ethanolic Extract of on the Proliferation, Viability and Function of Mouse Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Cardiomyocytes.

() leaves are commonly used in traditional medicine around the world for the treatment of a plethora disorders, including heart disease. The aim of this study was to examine and evaluate the cardiac effect of leaf extracts using mouse induced pluripotent stem cells (miPSCs) and their cardiomyocytes' (CMs) derivatives. We used a well-established stem cell culture to assess the effect of extract on miPSC proliferation, EB formation and the beating activity of miPS cell-derived CMs.

Molecular epidemiology of Ascaris species recovered from humans and pigs in Cameroon.

Background: In Cameroon, considerable research has been conducted on human ascariasis, but no studies have been undertaken to determine whether pigs contribute to the persistence of the infection in children or to unravel the evolutionary relationship between human-derived and pig-derived Ascaris.

Methods: DNA was extracted from adult Ascaris worms collected from humans and pigs. Segments of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) genes were sequenced and analysed for 83 worms to dissect the local transmission dynamics of Ascaris in Cameroon.

Reduction of Pathology by in Broiler Chicken.

Previous studies have reported interactions between spp. and some helminth coinfections. In this study, and coinfections were analyzed, and the consequences on therapy were proposed.

Antiplasmodial Activity of (Sprague) Sprague Ethyl Acetate Extract in -Infected Mice.

Background: One of the most dangerous Plasmodium species is . Hence, it causes a higher rate of mortality. The resistance of to the ACT (Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies) has led to the search for new antimalarial drugs.

Molecular identification of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in naturally infected pigs, dogs and small ruminants confirms domestic animals as potential reservoirs for sleeping sickness in Chad.

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) has been targeted for zero transmission to humans by 2030. Animal reservoirs of gambiense-HAT could jeopardize these elimination goals. This study was undertaken to identify potential host reservoirs for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense by detecting its natural infections in domestic animals of Chadian HAT foci.

Antimalarial Activity of Ethyl Acetate Extract and Fraction of against (ANKA).

Background: Malaria is one of the most critical diseases causing about 219 million cases worldwide in developing countries. The spread and development of resistance against chemical antimalarial drugs is one of the major problems associated with malaria control. The present study was to investigate the antimalarial efficacy of ethyl acetate extract and one fraction of in order to support the usage of this plant by traditional healers to treat malaria.

Trypanosome infections in naturally infected horses and donkeys of three active sleeping sickness foci in the south of Chad.

Background: Equine trypanosomiases are complex infectious diseases with overlapping clinical signs defined by their mode of transmission. Despite their economic impacts, these diseases have been neglected by the scientific community, the veterinary authorities and regulatory organizations. To fill the observed knowledge gap, we undertook the identification of different trypanosome species and subspecies naturally infecting horses and donkeys within the Chadian sleeping sickness focus.

Microfilariae infestation of goliath frogs (Conraua goliath) from Cameroon.

The goliath frog (Conraua goliath) is endemic to Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon. It is an endangered species but little information is known about its parasites. To understand the impact of blood parasites on this species, we microscopically examined blood smears from 78 goliath frogs in February and November 2016 (dry and wet seasons) from six localities in Littoral Region of Cameroon, and we sequenced mitochondrial DNA from positive samples.

Genetic diversity and population structure of goliath frogs () from Cameroon.

The goliath frog () is an Endangered species exclusively found in Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea. Climate change, deforestation and overhunting are principal causes driving this species to extinction. Therefore, a better understanding of the genetic diversity and population structure of this species is necessary to improve conservation efforts.

Molecular evidence of Plasmodium vivax infection in Duffy negative symptomatic individuals from Dschang, West Cameroon.

Background: Plasmodium vivax infection is known to be rare in West/Central Africa, the most accepted explanation being the lack of expression of erythroid Duffy antigen in the local human populations. Duffy negativity prevents the parasite to exploit the entry mechanism on the red blood cell surface. However, there are a growing number of reported vivax infections in Duffy-negative individuals.

Poor Acceptability of Female Condom by Young Cameroonians: an Unmet Programmatic Agenda for HIV Prevention.

Background: An important component of the response to the AIDS epidemic is the prevention of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases through the use of condoms. In order to enhance HIV prevention programs and minimize the occurrence of unwanted pregnancies, female condoms have been introduced within the community, with the ultimate goal of reducing vulnerability of women. The success of such a program depends on its acceptance by the target population.

Potential of the microbial assay for risk assessment (MARA) for assessing ecotoxicological effects of herbicides to non-target organisms.

Many microbiotests that have been proposed for use in the risk assessment of environmental pollutants have the drawback of lacking relevant published data on various aspects of their test application possibilities and therefore do not receive the regulatory recognition which they may deserve. The MARA bioassay lacks published data for many relevant environmental pollutants, particularly pesticides and this may limit its use in regulatory framework. The present study has assessed the sensitivity of the MARA bioassay relative to other established bioassays (Daphnia magna and Oreochromis niloticus) to two widely used herbicide formulations: Roundup (having glyphosate as active ingredient) and Herbextra (with the active ingredient being 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-2,4-D).

Distribution of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes and malaria-attributable fraction of fever episodes along an altitudinal transect in Western Cameroon.

Background: Highland areas are hypoendemic zones of malaria and are therefore prone to epidemics, due to lack of protective immunity. So far, Cameroon has not succeeded in implementing a convenient and effective method to detect, prevent and forecast malaria epidemic in these peculiar zones. This monitoring and evaluation study aims to assess the operational feasibility of using the human malaria infectious reservoir (HMIR) and the malaria-attributable fraction of fever episodes (MAFE) as indicators, in designing a malaria epidemic early warning system (MEWS).

The evolution of HIV-1 group M genetic variability in Southern Cameroon is characterized by several emerging recombinant forms of CRF02_AG and viruses with drug resistance mutations.

The HIV epidemic in Cameroon is marked by a broad genetic diversity dominated by circulating recombinant forms (CRFs). Studies performed more than a decade ago in urban settings of Southern Cameroon revealed a dominance of the CRF02_AG and clade A variants in >90% of the infected subjects; however, little is known about the evolving viral variants circulating in this region. To document circulating HIV viral diversity, four regions of the viral genome (gag, PR, reverse transcriptase, env) in 116 HIV-1 positive individuals in Limbe, Southern Cameroon, were PCR-amplified.

In vitro anthelminthic efficacy of Dichrocephala integrifolia (Asteraceae) extracts on the gastro-intestinal nematode parasite of mice: Heligmosomoides bakeri (Nematoda, Heligmosomatidae).

Objective: To evaluate the ovicidal and larvicidal activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of leaves of Dichrocephala integrifolia (D. integrifolia) against the eggs (fresh and embryonnated), the first and second larval stages of Heligmosomoides bakeri. In order to verify if this medicinal plant possesses active compounds capable of inhibiting the embryonation and hatching of eggs or to induce the mortality of larvae (L1 and L2).

A preliminary analysis of some epidemiological factors involved in porcine cysticercosis in Bafut and Santa subdivisions, North West Region of Cameroon.

Objective: To examine the magnitude and some risk factors of porcine cysticercosis in Bafut and Santa, two sub-divisions noted for pig farming in the North West Region of Cameroon.

Methods: A total of 499 pigs in 300 households were examined by tongue inspection and serologically by Ag-ELISA. Information was sought on the age and sex of the animals, prevailing husbandry systems, types of feed, the state of each pen and the state of toilets.

Prevalence and intensity of infections of three neglected tropical diseases in patients consulted at a Traditional Health Care Centre in Dschang West Cameroon.

Background: In recent times, soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections seem to loose more and more interest due to the fact that resources are being justifiably diverted to more recent priorities such as HIV/AIDS and malaria. In developing countries, the upsurge of intestinal helminth infections constitutes a problem not only of public health concern but also of development.

Aim: To find out the prevalence of STH infections in persons visiting the traditional health care centre in west Cameroon.

The In Vitro Effects of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of the Leaves of Ageratum conyzoides (Asteraceae) on Three Life Cycle Stages of the Parasitic Nematode Heligmosomoides bakeri (Nematoda: Heligmosomatidae).

A comparative in vitro study was carried out to determine the ovicidal and larvicidal activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Ageratum conyzoides (Asteraceae) leaves on the eggs (unembryonated and embryonated), first and second larval stages of Heligmosomoides bakeri. Four different concentrations (0.625, 1.

A comparative study of the ovicidal and larvicidal activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of pawpaw seeds Carica papaya (Caricaceae) on Heligmosomoides bakeri.

Objective: To assess the ovicidal and larvicidal activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of pawpaw seeds Carica papaya (Caricaceae) on the eggs and first stage larvae (L(1)) of Heligmosomoides bakeri.

Methods: Eggs of this parasite were obtained from experimentally infested mice (Mus musculus) and larvae were from eggs after incubation at 25∘C for about 72 hours. The eggs and larvae were exposed to ten different concentrations (0.

In vitro activities of acetonic extracts from leaves of three forage legumes (Calliandra calotyrsus, Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena diversifolia) on Haemonchus contortus.

Objective: To assess ovicidal activity of three acetonic extracts from the leaves of three forage legume, Calliandra calotyrsus (C. calotyrsus), Gliricidia sepium (G. sepium) and Leucaena diversifolia (L.

Acute and sub-acute toxicity of ethanolic extract of Canthium mannii Hiern stem bark on Mus musculus.

Acute and sub-acute toxicity of ethanolic extract (ETE) of C. mannii was assessed on white mice (Mus musculus). After 48 h of extract administration, no death was registered.

Bionomics of Anopheline species and malaria transmission dynamics along an altitudinal transect in Western Cameroon.

Background: Highland areas of Africa are mostly malaria hypoendemic, due to climate which is not appropriate for anophelines development and their reproductive fitness. In view of designing a malaria control strategy in Western Cameroon highlands, baseline data on anopheline species bionomics were collected.

Methods: Longitudinal entomological surveys were conducted in three localities at different altitudinal levels.

In vivo evaluation of potential nematicidal properties of ethanol extract of Canthium mannii (Rubiaceae) on Heligmosomoides polygyrus parasite of rodents.

The nematicidal activity of ethanol extract (ETE) of Canthium mannii (Rubiaceae) was assessed in vivo compared to that of Mebendazole on the adult of Heligmosomoides polygyrus parasite of rodents. One hundred and five Swiss white mice of two sexes aged 5-6 weeks old, and weighing between 20 and 25 g were orally infected with a 0.8 ml of a dose of 104-120, 1-week-old H.