Capillary and Electrodynamic Forces-Driven Separation Detection of Metal Ions Using a Disposable Microfluidic Sensor with a Composite Electrode.

A disposable microfluidic channel sensor printed on a plastic platform was developed to analyze heavy metal ions (HMIs) as a model target species. Precise separation and detection of multiple targets were established by symmetrically applying a small AC potential on the carbon channel walls to induce an electrodynamic force. The separation device was constructed by covering it with a plastic lid to achieve capillary action in the channel.

Molecular identification of Tetrahymena species.

Mitochondrial cox1 689 bp barcodes are routinely used for identification of Tetrahymena species. Here, we examine whether two shorter nuclear sequences, the 5.8S rRNA gene region and the intergenic region between H3 and H4 histone genes, might also be useful either singly or in combination with each other or cox1.

Electrodynamic Force Derived in-Channel Separation and Detection of Au Nanoparticles Using an Electrochemical AC Microfluidic Channel.

In this study, we have established the separation of Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) using a symmetrical AC electric field applied-electrochemical microfluidic device composed of carbon channel and detection electrodes. The lateral movement of AuNPs in the channel under the AC field was analyzed by simulation using the mathematically derived equations, which were formulated from Newtonian fluid mechanics. It shows that the nanoparticles are precisely separated according to their respective mass or size difference in a short time.

Separation detection of hemoglobin and glycated hemoglobin fractions in blood using the electrochemical microfluidic channel with a conductive polymer composite sensor.

Separation and detection of hemoglobin (Hb) and glycated hemoglobin fractions (HbA1c, HbAld, HbAle, HbAld3a, HbAl, HbA2, and HbAld3b) was performed using an electrochemical AC field modulated separation channel (EMSC) coupled with a sensor probe. The sensor was fabricated based on immobilization of a redox mediator on the poly(2,2':5',5″-terthiophene-3'-p-benzoic acid, pTTBA) and N,S-doped porous carbon (NSPC) nanocomposite. The different types of catalytic redox mediators such as Nile Blue (NB), toluidine blue O (TBO), and Neutral Red (NR) were evaluated to achieve the efficient detection.

Molecular genetic diversity and characterization of conjugation genes in the fish parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis.

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is the etiologic agent of "white spot", a commercially important disease of freshwater fish. As a parasitic ciliate, I. multifiliis infects numerous host species across a broad geographic range.

Adhesiveness of various glass ionomer cements in cavities treated with Carisolv.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the adhesion of glass ionomer cements to dentin and the effect of pretreatment using Carisolv.

Study Design: Forty extracted permanent teeth with caries were used for this study. All lesions were removed using the Carisolv system and teeth were divided into eight groups.

Removal of organic debris with Er:YAG laser irradiation and microleakage of fissures sealants in vitro.

The current study was conducted to improve fissure sealing by pre-treatment with Er:YAG laser irradiation in order to remove organic debris. The surface morphology, surface roughness of fissure cavities, and the degree of microleakage after laser treatment were compared with those after bristle brush treatment in vitro. Sixty extracted human teeth were used in this study.

Transcriptional profiling of stage specific gene expression in the parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis.

The parasitic ciliate, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich), is among the most important protozoan pathogens of freshwater fish. Ichthyophthirius cannot be grown in cell culture, and the development of effective prophylactic and therapeutic treatments has been hampered by a lack of information regarding genes involved in virulence, differentiation and growth. To help address this issue, we have generated EST libraries from the two major stages of the parasite life cycle that infect and develop within host tissues.

Removal of organic debris from occlusal fissures: advantage of Carisolv system over sodium hypochlorite.

Objective: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate and compare the removal of artificial debris from pits and fissures using the Carisolv system and sodium hypochlorite.

Study Design: Forty artificial fissures prepared on extracted human teeth were filled with artificial organic debris. Debris was removed using either Carisolv or 10% sodium hypochlorite gel.

Copper sulfate toxicity to two isolates of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis relative to alkalinity.

Theronts from 2 different strains of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (AR1 and AR5) were exposed to copper sulfate (CuSO4) in waters of different total alkalinities and observed for 4 h to determine relative toxicity and kinetics of parasite mortality. Consistent with the known solubility properties of the metal, Cu was significantly more toxic to cells maintained under low (48 mg l(-1)) compared with high (243 mg l(-1)) total alkaliniity conditions. This was reflected in both the median lethal concentration (LC50) values and rates of mortality for both parasite strains; strain differences were also observed.

Analysis of surface roughness and microleakage of fissure sealants following organic debris removal with Carisolv.

Objective: The objective of the present study was to improve fissure sealing by pre-treatment with Carisolv in order to remove organic debris. The surface morphology and roughness of fissure cavities and the degree of microleakage after Carisolv application were compared with those after bristle brush treatment in vitro.

Methods: Fifty extracted human teeth were used in this study.

Artificial plaque removal with Carisolv system: a clinical approach.

In the present study, removal of artifcial plaque in pits and fissures with the Carisolv system was compared with that of conventional bristle brush methoda in vitro. The results indicate that in the dental clinic, complete plaque removal with the Carisolv is possible, and in addition to acid etching, treated cavity was almost free of debris which might increase sealant retention.

An assessment following root canal preparation by Er,Cr: YSGG laser irradiation in straight and curved roots, in vitro.

In the present study, the effectiveness of Er,Cr:YSGG laser in straight and curved root canal preparation was compared with that of the conventional canal preparation technique, in vitro. The degree of root curvature of 40 root canals was determined, and then 20 canals were prepared by an Er,Cr:YSGG laser of 2 W by using the crown-down technique, while the other 20 canals were shaped by K-file (control). The achievement degree of root canal preparation and debris score was investigated morphologically.

Basic study of morphological changes and surface roughness of cavities prepared by TEA CO2 laser irradiation.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphological change of dental hard tissue and surface roughness of cavities prepared by transversely excited, atmospheric pressure (TEA) CO2 laser irradiation.

Background Data: It has been reported that dental hard tissues and bone can be removed by a long-pulse of TEA CO2 laser irradiation with minimal thermal damage. However, there are few reports on the surface roughness of lased teeth.

Effect of Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation on eruption of rat mandibular incisor after disturbance of the enamel organ in the pulp.

To investigate the efficacy of Er,Cr:YSGG (erbium,chromium:yttrium scandium gallium garnet) laser irradiation in root canal preparation and to evaluate its effect on eruption of rat incisors after disturbance of the enamel organ in the pulp, 20 canals of lower left incisor teeth were prepared by K-files followed by Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation, and 20 canals of right incisors were subjected to K-files only (control). At 1 week after irradiation, both sides of incisors erupted at the same level from the gingival margin. Histological findings showed that laser irradiation produced a slightly larger damage in the pulp than that of control.

Caries removal with Carisolv system: criteria evaluation and microleakage test.

In the present study, cavities prepared by Carisolv were verified as being caries-free by two methods; by conventional visual and tactile criteria, and by DIAGNOdent. The results indicate that in the dental clinic, the efficiency of complete carious dentin removal with Carisolv is no longer difficult when a proper clinical guide is used. Furthermore, treatment of dentin surfaces with Carisolv is capable of decreasing marginal microleakage after composite resin restorations.

Isolation and partial sequencing of cDNA clones from rat incisor after Nd:YAG laser irradiation in root canal.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the genes expressed in odontoblast-like cells and related to osteodentin production of pulp cells in vivo during the repair process.

Methods: A pulsed Nd:YAG laser was irradiated in mandibular incisors of rats at 2 W and 20 pulses/s for 5 s. We constructed a unidirectional cDNA library from the non-calcified portion of irradiated incisors, sequenced cDNA clones and classified their sequences by homology search through the GenBank database.

Pulsed Nd:YAG laser effect on eruption of rat mandibular incisors following disturbance of the enamel organ in the pulp.

We investigated the effects of pulsed neodymium:yttrium-aluminium-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser irradiation time on the eruption of 56 mandibular incisors in 28 rats. Clinically, some incisors erupted and the others did not. The incisors were irradiated at 2 W, 20 pulses/s for the period of 3 s, 5 s, 7 s, and 10 s, and the regeneration process was monitored at 20 days after laser treatment.

Efficacy of root canal preparation by Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation with crown-down technique in vitro.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of Er,Cr:YSGG laser in root canal preparation and its effectiveness in removing debris and smear layer with the efficacy of the conventional hand instrument, in vitro.

Background Data: Recently, the use of the Er,Cr:YSGG laser device in root canal preparation has been excepted in the dental clinic. However, there have been no published reports on root canal preparation by using the Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation.

Dentinal composition and Knoop hardness measurements of cavity floor following carious dentin removal with Carisolv.

This study evaluated the dentinal composition and Knoop hardness measurements of the cavity floor following the removal of carious dentin by the Carisolv chemo-mechanical caries removal system, in vitro. The carious dentin of 25 extracted human teeth was removed by using Carisolv for one minute with instruments and excavation that was performed until the gel was clear. Caries removal with a sharp explorer was verified according to the color and hardness of the lesion, then, by means of DIAGNOdent.

A comparative study on compositional changes and Knoop hardness measurement of the cavity floor prepared by Er:YAG laser irradiation and mechanical bur cavity.

Objective: This present study was performed to compare the compositional changes of human dentin and, Knoop hardness of the cavity floor prepared by Er:YAG laser irradiation with that of the conventional bur cavity.

Background Data: There are still no reports on the compositional changes of dental hard tissues and microhardness of the cavity floor prepared by Er:YAG laser irradiation.

Materials And Methods: Fifteen laser and 15 bur cavities were cross-sectioned, and subjected to atomic analysis by SEM-EDX and Knoop hardness testing.

An immunohistochemical study of the effects of pulsed neodymium:yttrium-aluminium-garnet laser irradiation in root canals on the eruption of rat incisors.

The incisors of 21 Wistar rats were transected, pulp tissue was extirpated for 10mm from the level of the gingival margin and each canal was prepared with files. The fibre tip of a pulsed neodymium:yttrium-aluminium-garnet laser was inserted into the root canal for 10mm and laser irradiation delivered at 2 W and 20 pulses/s for 10s. After 6 weeks the mandibles were removed and sectioned.

Compositional and structural changes of human dentin following caries removal by Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation in primary teeth.

In this in vitro study, the compositional and structural changes of human dentin, and knoop harness of cavity floor following the removal of dental caries by Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation in primary teeth was compared with that of the conventional bur cavity. The results confirmed that laser irradiation revealed minimal thermal damage to the surrounding tissues, minimal thermal induced changes of dental hard tissue compositions, and favorable surface characteristic.

Morphological and microleakage studies of the cavities prepared by Er:YAG laser irradiation in primary teeth.

Objective: The purposes of this study were to investigate cavity surfaces morphologically, and compare microleakage at cavities prepared by Er:YAG laser after composite resin restoration versus conventional mechanical treatment in human primary teeth in vitro.

Background Data: There have been few reports on microleakage at cavities prepared by Er:YAG laser irradiation.

Materials And Methods: A total of 30 cavities (class V) in human primary teeth were used.

A histochemical study of the regeneration process after injury by pulsed Nd:YAG laser irradiation of root canals.

Histological changes of rat dental pulp cells were followed after injury. The regeneration process after 3, 6 and 10 days was monitored. Mandibular incisors were irradiated with a pulsed Nd:YAG laser at 2 W and 20 pulses per sec (pps) for 5 sec and the pulp was examined histologically and immunohistochemically for TGF-beta1.